Components Of Disaster Management Management Essay

Components Of calamity concern Management EssayThe occurrence of such incidents has continue to increase in a rapid succession. More than one-third million lives were lost due to accidents in the last quarter of a century itself. This number does non stop as billions have been change in some way or the other. The cost of replacement from these mishaps has run into thousands of billions alone.The increase in the tribe of the world only enhances the chance of tragedy happen which could ca occasion massive casualties and harm to the military personnel flavour in large numbers. The six billion mark in world population was reached on the sixteenth of November in 1999. The annual growth rate was estimated at n primal 1.33 %( seventy eight million either year). in that respect is a greater fortune on enumerate of the industrialization and vast urbanization since a lot of tribe be moving to urban beas which do not have adequate wellness c are and home in place.Energy is released after accumulation in the vol behindic activity or geological faults which ca usance seismic waves to bring ab step to the fore movement of the crust which is known as an earthquake. military man are able to only detect three thousand earthquakes from the total of five hundred thousand earthquakes that occur e genuinely year. 7 to 11 out of these 3000 earthquakes cause signifi butt jointt damage to property and human life though this figure has increased the past few eld.The toll of death due to an earthquake can range from as less as five to higher than two hundred and cardinal thousand.One out of two cities in a developed country is susceptible to a ingrained hazard kindred earthquake. Seventeen of the twenty largest cities are situated in countries with low resources. Eighty break a start of the population of the world bequeath reside in developing countries by the year 2025 according to an estimate.The interrogation on natural casualtys is of a lot of signif icance in case of developing countries.What is a Disaster?Many definitions have been put forward regarding casualty. Samuel Henry Prince scramed the demand related to casualtys in 1971 in Canada during the slash possibility witnessed in Canada. The disaster in point is the ship explosion occurred in 1917 in the give suck of Halifax, Nova Scotia. His question and social exploration of the implications of the disaster paved way for further theoretical and empirical query that lasted through the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. This saw a change in the way disasters were perceived. The focus shifted from the primary corporeal agent to the interpretation and definition of disasters related to the social impact ca utilise by it. Various academic disciplines were sacred to the study of nature and disasters during the 1960s and 1970s.The definition of a disaster can be classified between the national and international level. The working definition of a disaster is designed in way to ou tfit the professional background of the place where it is defined and is closely associated to the studies, work and research that is carried out. The World Health brass section has defined disaster on the base of the resultant health implications post the disaster. They have do use of the terminology c onlyed as Health Action in Crises. The International Red Cross has weighn into account the elements that cause interference in human life. IN simple words, floods, earthquakes and hurricanes only acquire the status of a disaster when they leave behind a negative and disruptive impact on the living force.Al-Madhari et al in 1997 studied if a universal definition for the term disaster is possible and came up with a definition that takes into account both the factors of economic and health implications. The definition was as follows- an event localized in clip and space with one or more of the following consequences occur 1) Ten or more fatalities, 2) Damage exceeds $1 million, 3) 50 or more people evacuated.This is the basic encumbrance that is found in most definitions of disaster which may carry different views. All the definitions accept disaster as a situation that is beyond the cope of control of the local community which warrants the need of external foster. The disasters maybe a result of naturally occurring phenomena uniform extreme changes in climate or weather, technological and man made threats.Psychological stages of disasterHeroic stageThe heroic stage is shown by the community and the individuals within that channelize the heterogeneous levels of energy in the tasks of help, rescue, shelter, clean up and repair. This behaviour is carried out in the span of a few hours to even days if required.Honeymoon stageThe optimism characterized by the people in the community is the shopwindow of this stage in spite of the losses that occur due to the disaster. There is a wide media help and, flow of resources inwards, and reassurances by personal visits by high profile personalities that look towards the renewal turn of the community. They tin the hope and belief that life will return to normalcy and no traces of the disaster will be seen. These resources though tend to exhaust by the third week of the aftermath of the crisis, on that point is reduced media focal point and the real problems in the rehabilitation program start to develop. The energy shown by the survivors in the community little by little starts to fade away and gives way to the next stage of disillusionment.DisillusionmentThe hard experiences, the lack of necessities and the work ask to be done to restore normalcy creeps up on the person which leads to disillusionment among the survivors. Survivors cause that the various types of financial help being offered are in the form of loans instead of grant, home insurance was not the scoop cognitive operational option and that politics played a bigger role in the decision do. Signs of disgruntlement i s how by means of complaints related to abandonment, betrayal and injustice, incompetency and bureaucracy. Stress is a negative targetting that troubles the survivors which slowly disintegrates any hope that may be left.RecoveryAll the work for which the base has been frame-up starts to show results. The applications are passed, loans are approved, and reconstruction is started. The individuals start to work at their normal capacities. pack start regaining the state of normalcy with a period of six months after the disaster. Some individuals might take up to thirty six months. There is an overall sense of appreciation to aspects interchangeable life, relationship and team spirit towards tackling problems all owed to the lessons learnt post the disaster.Stages of Disaster resultPreparation stageThe main objective of this stage is to modify the healthcare system and the general system that can be improved to the accomplishment that future disasters can be tackled with ease an d efficiency.Quick Reponses StageThe main objective of this stage is to make certain that there is a prober health retort in case of a disaster strike that may earn some needs. Counselling is provided during this stage which is present in the current health system. There should be help sought from external sources to boost the resources that are usable in case they are not sufficient to fulfil all the required needs. In many another(prenominal) cases the local supplies may not be large to meet the requirement of the community which is why the stock has to be filled with the help of some extra commodities obtained from other external sources.Recovery StageThis stage has to be worked upon continuously and lasts more than a month after the disaster takes place. This stage could go on for years depending on the resources that are available for rehabilitation and the impact and type of the disaster. The needs of the survivors are taken care of by the local providers in this stage . federal funds may flow in case the disaster is declared as a presidential Declared Disaster. The funding is given to those in need of individual help.Disaster ManagementDefinition of disaster focusA lot of definitions have been put forward by authors on the topic of disaster circumspection. A lot of these definitions merely explain the meaning of the term rather than completely stating the terms of readying for a disaster. Christopolis, Mitchell and Liljelund regarded efficient and effective abilities and result of disaster response as the main chemical groups of preparation for a disaster (2001). Creating a local response system and providing early warnings is also a big part of preparation (Integrated Regional education Networks, 2005). The definitions by United Nations Development program, McEntire and Twigg have definitions similar in theme with their own take on the preparation for a disaster. The program by United Nations holds hazard easing as the central source for disaster preparation along with the inclusion of planning in the description (2004). Similarly, McEntire and Twigg also consider hazard easing as a crucial aspect in disaster preparation saying that it should be a part of it (McEntire, 2003 and Twigg, 2002). McEntire talks about different factors relevant for disaster preparation as a local governing body function that includes photo and hazard evaluation. The lesser highlighted aspects of disaster preparation are also very important. Izadkhak and Hosseni point out education to be the foremost media in the preparation of a community for disasters (2005). The emergency plans, storage of food, securing furniture to walls and creating inventories of storage commodities are a part of this level (Paton, Smith, Johnston, 2003 and Siembieda, 2001).Review of preparation literatureThe disaster preparedness aspect is basically dynamic in nature which keeps changing constantly. The researches visit out new facts with the occurring of new d isaster even with respect to the community. The disasters and crisis are consistent but the practises applied in its management still lack the capacity to provide necessary results.McEntire has worked towards some crucial points in disaster preparedness and emergency management in his study. McEntire, Fuller and Johnston and weber (2002) published an article reviewing the emergency management and the methods related to it. The main concern in the 2002 research was vulnerability while McEntire also finished his research related to disaster preparedness.Dynes also provide his view on emergency planning. His views were found on research instead of military models. The problem solving methods of Dynes emphasizes cooperation and coordination as the primeval aspects. (1994). This concept has been apply in developing many other models as opposed to the earlier shape of use military models and instead switching to a research based and discipline specific model. The better(p) methods o f disaster preparedness incline towards discipline specific objectives as in the case of emergency management.A valuable amount of work has been spent for the identification and evaluation of the concepts and principles that are employ in disaster preparedness. Some contributions have been made to development of disaster preparedness with the aim of creating a theory based practise and practise based theory (Gillespie and Streeter, 1987). The contributions from most individuals are not aimed at the creation of a complete disaster preparedness technique but individual research has helped immensely in make contributions towards skeletal systeming a complete disaster preparedness plan. A case in point is the research by Kirschenbaum (2002) article based on disaster preparedness from the point of view of Israel. The inferences drawn from his study were found to be applicable in a general environment. Perry and Lindell (2003) based their study on disaster management on the principles of perspective and planning and were able to identify 10 guidelines that should be used in the process of planning. Lindell was more focused on the planning while Kirschenbaum gave more vastness to localized applications and principles. severally on his own was able to contribute an important aspect that led to the creation of a broad disaster preparedness plan although none of the studies focused on all the aspects on the whole.Components of disaster managementEarthquake RiskThe find of earthquake is a seismic risk to the environment and its habitats. The earthquake risk is inversely proportional to the capacity of resisting it. Research based on social learning by whitethorn (1994) shows that the more noesis that is available, the less is the worry and lesser in the rationale for prevention. cognition and the use of the association in the best way are required to improve the safety measures today. There is a process known as Earthquake Risk Management that works towards the prevention of threat or riskiness from an earthquake, reducing risk or consequences of an earthquake. It also deals on topics like preparation for dealing with a disaster, responding to a threat due to natural disaster, capacity building and knowing the effects of the natural disasters. There are the basic points of evacuation, rescuing, relief, rehabilitate and reconstruct that are covered. The population in India was marked at over a billion in 2001 and is estimated to be doubled by the year 2050. This calculates to a population growth of 1.61% per annum. The risk of earthquake increases by leaps and bounds in such a scenario. The urban areas are been populated to the extent of being overcrowded and figure in the highest density in the world of 237 people per square kilometre. This only worsens the situation. People in thickly dense areas have no alternative but to live in conditions like low lying areas situated closely near the rivers. This makes it mandatory to keep a full tim e alert and be ready with a disaster preparedness plan. Gillespie and Banerjee (1993, pp.242) have proposed there is a 5 stage plan which spirals upward with more refined levels including avenues, assessment, intimacy, preparedness and practise. The central point in these levels is considered to be noesis. As pointed by Srivastava et al (2007), the reduction in disaster risks can be brought about by the proper use of information.Disaster management planning for earthquakeIn the past few decades, a high level of importance has been attached to the effective and efficient management of information and its use as a key component of disaster management in the regions of Asia oddly Pacific Asia. Disaster management information systems have been setup by a number of countries according to their own calculations and needs. The applications include early warnings, reduction of disaster risks and emergency planning.The information plays an important part in disaster management and it shou ld be used wisely. The needs of the information related to disaster management can be classified in two activity categories Pre disaster activities like research and analysis, prevention, risk assessment and preparedness.Post disaster activities like rehabilitation, response and reconstruction.The data related to disaster can also be classified into two categories-Pre disaster data consisting of the risks and the countryPost disaster data showing the impact of the disaster and the resources available to foresee the effects.National Disaster Management Information SystemThe main aspects of a disaster management information system is a database containing the following-Mapping of hazard assessmentVulnerability AssessmentDistribution by demographyLifelines, base and Critical FacilitiesTransportation Routes and LogisticsMaterial and Human Response ResourceCommunication FacilityThe use of Disaster Management Information System is based on three aspects-Preparedness planningResponse a nd mitigationRecoveryEarthquake activitiesPreparation and PlanningIdentifying areas prone to earthquakeIdentifying problemsIdentifying and using ResourcesControl and biddingAdvance Preparatory ActionPost earthquake activitiesThe relief activities needed to be performed by the government are-Maintaining uninterrupted intercourseEndorsing disaster preparedness and relief measures through media like newspaper and AIR.Evacuating and movement of commodities of essence such as petroleum should be facilitated in transport.Making sure that essential commodities are available at a reasonable rate.Providing adequate supply of drugs, vaccine and medicine.Restoration and preservation of physical dialogue bear ons.Providing infrastructure such as latrines, shelter, electricity, road etc. On a temporary basis by making the necessary investment.Mobilising financial resources.In addition to these aspects, there are certain secondary functions that are needed by the relief efforts of the State s uch as Military aid should provide relief, redevelopment and rehabilitation services to the civil authority.Backup plans for cattle preservation, crops and health measures should be put in place. scientific and technical inputs for providing drinking water.Providing technical assistance for water management, water budgeting and several other uses.Coordinating activities of the military volunteer and state agencies. friendship ManagementThe familiarity related activities are dealt taken care of by the cognition management procedure (Wiig, 1997 Civi, 2000). These activities include organizations and creation of fellowship along with share and use of the knowledge. familiarity management can be more appropriately defined as the strategies and processes of identifying, capturing and leveraging knowledge. This definition was provided by the American Productivity and Quality Centre. fellowship management is a field on the rise which has been able to hoard up considerable attention especially from the industrial community. A large number of industrial organizations have taken to knowledge management programs which serve as proof of its widespread use. These programs are helpful in making the industries more competent and improving their organizational performance. It is only a matter of time when all the companies will adopt such a program and the only factor to be accounted for is the way in which it has to be implemented to make optimum use of knowledge management and managing it properly at the same time. murder of Knowledge ManagementThe Knowledge Management concept has caught a lot of attention due to its importance but there are only a few industries that have been able to make optimum use of the knowledge management techniques by managing the knowledge in their respective organizations. Stoney and Barnett (2000) suggest that a major number of Knowledge Management steps are bound to fail. This is due to the fact that the implementation of Knowledge Mana gement is not an easy task that can be carried out by an organization. Technological infrastructure needs to be in place for the implementation of Knowledge Management along with change in the culture of the organization and managing knowledge of different types. Organizations that have made use of the Knowledge Management without making certain of the necessary resources at their disposal have mainly failed due to improper infrastructure and implementation. performance of the Knowledge Management is a tough task for any organization as pointed out by Drucker (1993) who is known as the father of modern management theory. He stressed on the fact the biggest dispute faced by an organization is the building of a regular role model for the management of knowledge. Hence, it is imperative to build a perfect prototype or fashion model which helps the organizations before the implementation of Knowledge Management.Framework definitionAccording o the Oxford English Dictionary, (2003), th e framework is defined as a structure composing of move that are framed together especially designed for enclosing or supporting anything like a skeleton or a frame. Popper (1994) has defined framework as a set of assumptions or rudimentary principles of intellectual origin that form the basis for action. In accordance with these definitions, framework can be verbalize to be a framework or a structure formed using a set of specific instructions or principles that is required to provide a base for carrying out necessary activities and actions.Knowledge Management FrameworksAccording to Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001b), Knowledge Management frameworks are categorized as a mode of providing counsel in a specific discipline. This means that it shows the way towards the building of Knowledge Management in a specific discipline completely. Dale (1999) defines framework as a tool used for the development and laying out of plans, a guide that helps an organization to carry out a certai n action that works best for their business needs at their own pace. The framework most importantly acts as a link between the practical and theoretical aspects of the Knowledge Management and eases its implementation during an emergency or disaster.Various Knowledge Management frameworksThe frameworks that have been described in theory are made to focus on different parts of Knowledge management and achieving its various purposes. The most popularly known framework is the framework for knowledge creation created by Nonaka (1991, 1994) that explains the evolution and conversion seen between tacit knowledge (not easy to articulate) and explicit knowledge (can be easily put into words). This is not the perfect form of a framework since it is only touch with the creation of knowledge which is nothing more than a part of the Knowledge Management.Another type of framework that is described in theory is the one that provides information on cyclic processes of the Knowledge Management. Fr om the studies of Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001a), it is evident that many of these frameworks only provide activities that stress on the knowledge cycle activities. They lay importance on phases of knowledge without providing super imaging in the implementation of Knowledge Management. The examples of such frameworks are plenty including the framework by Bose and Sugumaran (2003) and many of the frameworks that were studied by Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001a).A third type of framework is the one developed by researchers that is used to explain the performance of Knowledge Management in an organization. The framework provides reference to shoe the analysis, structure and evaluation of the Knowledge Management in various organizations belonging to different fields. They were developed by Apostolou and Mentzas (1998).Framework requirementsThe framework helps in understanding, improving awareness and gives the conceptual definition of the Knowledge management that informs the people about the processes pertain in it.Al the components can be understood with the help of a framework and puts the Knowledge Management in perspective by providing the people with a clear and concise vision which helps in its implementation.Managers find framework as a beneficial and important tool since it helps to decide whether all the aspects related to the Knowledge management have been covered that may be easily overlooked without the framework.It also helps in modify the implementation process and helps coordinate the efforts put in by the organization in a controlled and systematic way.System Approach FrameworkHolsapple and Joshi (2002) laid out a three layer framework which consists of three major building blocks known as knowledge resources, activities and moulds. The resources pat highlighted the pool of the knowledge of the organization that can be classified into six main forms of resources namely participants knowledge, infrastructure, culture, knowledge artefact, str ategy and purpose. The activities block represents the processes to be used by the organization for manipulating the knowledge resources.Holsapple and Joshi (2002) were able to identify 4 activities related to this aspect namely acquiring, selecting, internalizing and using the knowledge which means the generation and externalization of knowledge. The manners in which these activities are performed tend to be influence by a number of factors that can be seen in the next block called as knowledge influences. The implementation is greatly influenced by this block and is classified into three categories namely resource (human, financial, material and knowledge), managerial (coordination, leadership and measurement) and environmental (customers, competitors, suppliers, markets and other conditions). The three aspects when viewed collectively act as the main components in the operation of Knowledge Management.A framework was created with the idea of four stages namely review, concept, re flect and act by Wiig et al. (1997) in order to explain a number of Knowledge Management techniques and methods. Review is the first step and relates to evaluating and supervise the performance of the organization to find out whether the sought after results have been obtained. Conceptualize has two parts namely analysis of knowledge and inventory knowledge. The former is used to identify and assess the problems, weakness, strengths threats and opportunities related to knowledge. The latter is used to find out the state of knowledge in the organization by finding out the knowledge assets. TH reflect part is used for the following-Create teams for assessing.Find out the Knowledge management requirements. nab knowledge by identifying.Design structure to knowledge in warehouse.Maintain technology.Test the technology again. cogwheel the knowledge workers.Show the use of Knowledge management practises.Track the usage.Get the system to start.Measure the productiveness and quality, measu re Knowledge Management practices. Conduct assessment review of the processes.Hygoyo ProtocolFramework of HyogoThe priorities, mission and vision of the National Framework were created in synchronisation with the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) 1005-2015 that was agreed upon by all the nations in January 2005 in the city of Kobe, Japan during the UN-World conference held for Disaster Reduction. The expected result of the HFA after ten years is significant reduction in the lives and economic, social and environmental assets of the countries and communities. The following objectives have been adopted by HFA to clear the desired results-Better integration of disaster risk considerations and accordingly makes development policies. Planning at all the levels with focus on disaster prevention, preparedness, reduction and vulnerability reduction.The strengthening and development of institutes, capacities and mechanisms at all the levels especially at the community level that can help in b uilding resistance to hazards.Incorporation risk mitigation approaches in the implementation of recovery programs, response and emergency preparedness that is used in rehabilitation of the bear upon communities.ScopeThis particular framework relates to provision of guidelines and direction to the national, local and provincial institutions. Aspects such as capacity building and vulnerability reduction are the crucial factors that help the communities and institutions to counter disaster risks. The strategies, constitution implementation are taken care by this phase and programs for the parts of disaster are provided for.There are certain challenges that are recognized in the five major areas as follows-Governance- legal, organizational and policy frameworks.Risk identification. Monitoring, assessment and early warnings.Knowledge education and management.Reduction of risk factors.Preparedness to improve response and recovery.The Yokohama strategy concludes in its review the discus sions in the World Conference on Disaster Reduction and the desired result that was decided can be described into five priorities of action as follows-Make sure disaster risk is a local and national priority with a very strong institutional base for execution.Identify, monitor and assess the disaster risks and identify early warnings.Use innovation, knowledge to build a safety culture which is strong at all the levels.Reduce the risk factorsMake the disaster preparedness strong for better response.Case study of earthquake in Pakistan with respect to Knowledge ManagementThe earthquake in Kashmir in 2005 was a massive earthquake with its epicentre in Pakistan controlled Kashmir close to the city of Muzaffarabad that affected the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilbit Baltistan province of Pakistan. It took place at 85237 PST on the 8th of October. It was similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 2001 earthquake in Gujarat with magnitude of 7.6. Tremors of this earthquake were fe lt in surrounding nations like western China and Tajikistan. Four people died in Afghanistan while close to fourteen hundred people died in India controlled Kashmir according to reports. The damage caused was blamed on poor construction and major up thrust.InfrastructureNetwork usage- the network usage was high throughout the phases of recovery. Data and voice communication was very in force(p) in Islamabad. The landline network was brought on track within a coupe of days in township hit by the earthquake and the cell network was extended post the earthquake. The areas that were hit the worst had no assistance and relief and were left with no communication. Some parts were wiped out entirely. The skills to manage the technology were available in Pakistan but the management was not properly planned.Network Availability- At first the network was very low during recovery and later was raised to a medium level. The inconsistency of connection was the main factor rather than low bandwi dth. The connection would break consistently which proved to be disruptive. The limitations were known fully in the remote areas but the staff did not pay heed to the cell coverage problem. Cell phones are not adequate in such circumstances.Interoperability- This aspect worked at all times during recovery and it worked in the favour of national staff success.Communications technology staff had prior experience working for nongovernmental organization and used their contacts in organizations to full effect.Data InformationThe information was inaccurate throughout the recovery. The situation reports were not reliable. The data was circulated internally and contained insufficient information related to needs such as fundraising, donors and advocacy. This resulted in various queries sought from the headquarters to the staff for more information. Another shortcoming was the information distribution. There was lack of communication with the UN that put the NGOs at a los since they did not know the plans put in place by UN and the problems they faced.The bunch approach by the UN shoed positive results in the initial four weeks for common approaches, joint analysis and programming. Some participants did not take part in the cluster group (Food, Water, Sanitation, Education and Health). The coordination was improved with the brass section of the District Relief and Recovery Committee with