Post-Industrialism, Summary

The sense of economical transformation within the western industrial economies had been present since the 1970s. Some say we are entering into a post-industrial era. That is, expiration behind the the world of industrialism and its imagery the factories, the heavy machinery and overalled men. Others say we are look at one specific form of industry disappearing that of deal production, a Fordist manufacture.Neo or post-Fordist party (as an different discourse), is all together a different kind of economy one which is organized around limber forms of production, which is becoming important as a means of responding to the greater smorgasbord of consumer demand and fragmented market tastes. To put it simply, it is a miscellany from a mass to a pluralistic kind of order of magnitude. Economies are alship canal in a state of change, except they are less often in the midst of a foundation throw in the direction of the economy.What characterizes this radical channel is first ly in its interconnected temper of such changes, what happens in one part of the economy effects upon the rest of the economy. Secondly it implies that a different set of dynamics is parkway an economy. For instance, with the rise of post-industrialism, it is claimed that a saucily kind of dynamic the generation of cognition and the get word of schooling, has displaced the dynamics of manufacturing technologies and the qualification of things. In this article it introduces 4 main theorists and their characterization of this radical shift of the economy. Post-Industrial SocietyThe idea of a post-industrial society first took hold in the US in the 1960s. Daniel bell shape clearly outlined the nature of this transition. He adoptive a stages model of development which identified three phases of economic become up a pre-industrial dominated by agriculture, an industrial manufacturing and a post-industrial, that he suggests we watch entered is dominated by table services. Ac cording to Bell, the general direction of economic change is towards a service economy. He in addition suggests the concept of axial principles which refers to the mechanisms or dynamics that give shape to an economy.In a post-industrial society, noesis and information is the driving force that stimulate economic growth, it to a fault suck ins the form of a last product reams of information. Bell also pointed out the consequences of this modernistic economic dynamic. 1. 1. transfer in the kinds of work that raft do. From manual, manufacturing jobs to non-manual work in the service sector, where people no longer work upon things but work with each other to deliver a service. 2. 2. Shift in the occupational structure as manual jobs give way to white-collar and professional occupations. Skills and physical work requiring strength -> think work. . 3. The emergence of a new fellowship, the knowledge elites. As knowledge and information are the key sources of a post-industrial society, and they are the ones who control those resources. The intellectual work would be specialized, the new hierarchies of good elites testament be formed alongside the increased professionalization of work and the bureaucratization of think work. Alain Touraine also discussed intimately the post-industrialism. Like Bell, he also gave central place to the control of knowledge and information and identified the agents of change, the ones with control of knowledge as a technocracy.However at this point, they differ in their treatment of accessible conflict. In Touraines analysis, there will be a new brotherly divide between technocrats and bureaucrats on one hand, and a range of social collections such as workers, students and consumers on the other hand. This divider is because the principal opposition between social group is no longer stem from the ownership and control of private property, but from access to information and its uses. So, the dominant affiliate would hav e major power over the livelihood and life style, not only in the sphere of economic production.Because of this, the social conflict and the social movement in post-industrial society will also be changed to that they are not so related to industry or particular material needs. New types of social movements such as environmental and feminist movements that are beyond the socio-economic class politics will take form. Whereas Touraine sees post-industrial society as a setting in which the lack of power among certain social groups provides a basis for new lines of social resistance, Bell identifies a contradiction between the economic and the cultural realms of post-industrialism.While there is save a protestant work ethic, the committed, hard working spirit which also focused on economic efficiency, Bell points out that this is now at odds with the desire for a more hedonistic lifestyle, supported by overall material sufficiency, and the new emerging culturally expressive, indiv idualistic lifestyle of the post-modern culture. The Information Society Daniel Bell is again, a key contributor to the compete of information society, saying that this is a recent expression of post-industrial society.He claimed that the information society rested upon a knowledge theory of value. This means that knowledge has replaced fatty labour as the source of value that creates future profits. Here, knowledge and its application is the resource, and this is integrated with the adoption of new information technologies which can reshape the ways we consume and produce, as well as where we perform these activities. However for Bell, information is regarded more than a resource but also a good which can be bought and sold in the market.This leads to the emergence of information occupations consisting of professional, technical workers concerned with the production, processing and distribution of information. Manuel Castells also draws his opinion on the information- anteceden td society. merely he argues that information society is not necessarily matching with post-industrial society which the manufacturing sector is being replaced by the service sector. Rather, he identifies the usance of knowledge and use of information as the dynamics of the coming society. Knowledge, is both the base of production and the outcome of production.That means knowledge, as a resource and goodness in its own right, is a central means of improving economic performance and intensifies the process of economic innovation. Castells also identified the role of the new technologies enabling multinational companies to operate in new ways. The development of communicating technologies, management system and technologies of production gave them opportunities to work in a more footloose way. They joined multiple networks with other companies which enabled them to develop products jointly or serve specific markets.What Castells saw here was the concentration of power (information) among a knowledge elite in the corporations. Where, on the one hand, automation of low-skilled jobs especially among the workforce in maufacturing was undergoing. In other words, he distinguished a trend towards the polarization and di resource of the social structure. The Divided Society Andre Gorz outlined the change in the structure of employment and the change in the role of work in the post-industrial society. He claimed that there is a social division of secure, well-paid workers and a suppuration mass of the unemployed.In between them are the new post-industiral working class whom the work is no longer meaningful nor of any identity. In his view, the source of the problem is the emergence of new technologies that brought about automation at the workplace. It left the people with no jobs, creating jobless growth. If this continues, it would decrease the attribute of the remaining working class jobs even more. Work in this sense, is honorable an instrumental activity for t he majority. To earn money but with no merriment or content. Here we see a similar picture with that of Castellss, the segmentation of the workforce.A privileged minority who obtains and controls the information and a casualized and marginalized majority of the working class. Gorz identifies this vision by referring to a society polarized between an emergent servile class and a securely employed, professional class. The economic elites can now grease ones palms at low cost the services that theyve been capable of doing by themselves in the past such as domestic work. So the working class moves in to this service sector to serve the economic elites. Their jobs the new service jobs, lack dignity and are often not even considered as real jobs.And this line of argument by Gorz thus stresses a growing social inequality as a marking feature of post-industrialism. mop up Summary Despite the different aspects that these writers each concentrated on, they agree on the fact that post-ind ustrialism signals a number of distinguishing changes. Shift away from industrialism, a shift in the number of manufacturing economies to a service base. The growth of new occupations guide the economy, the white collar, professionals also categorized as knowledge elites. Gorz puts an emphasis here, on the fate of a deskilled working class forced to serve these elites.And the social and economic polarization that is also part of the general direction of the change. eventually the shift in the types of social movements. From the attention on industrial forms of class politics to something beyond what we call class politics. Such as the ballpark movement. If we refer to the beginning again, we can see it is not just a change, but a radical shift of the economy the interconnected nature and changes in the dynamics of the economy. In this case, what all 4 writers agree on is that information and knowledge has become the dynamics, the driving force of our economy.

Healthy Eating Plan Comparison Essay

When I first started this class I had a sturdy ingest habit, I was al way of lifes on the go, so grabbing a quick lunch or a snack fit right into my schedule. In the first calendar week of class I did the flushed dedicate plan and it shocked me at the results. I was doing major damage to my body. I never thought intimately the consequences that my food choices had on my body. Since finding ab step up my eating I prevail essay tremendously to eat healthier. In this essay I lead discuss my past eating habits and my current eating habits as sanitary as what I plan on doing about my current circumstances.As a child I was taught how to eat correctly and how to claim vegetables with each meal. My mother could not stress enough not to be eating junk food all the beat and how to brush our teeth after(prenominal) every meal. As I grew up and had children of my own I tried to teach them the same(p) thing. The thing is I do not pull what I preach. I am on the go every daylight, and have a very strict schedule. While I am at work on my lunch go over I have thirty minutes to eat, smoke, and relax.I do what every other person would do when it is food already piddleed, I grab a quick caustic or c honest-to- straightforwardness lunch eat and clock back in to work. I noticed that I gained a great deal of pounds indoors a short period of time, just I always make excuses for it. Come to find out it was all because of my eating habit. When I did the level-headed eating plan I noticed that I have the same routine each and every day. I go to Dunkin Donuts every sunup grab me a cup of c strikeee or hot chocolate.I eat a candy bar on every break and something hot on every lunch. I did some research on the coffee and it shows that it is not baneful for you at all. It actually helps lower the risks of many diseases by 20-25%. The diseases it helps with are type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, and colorectal cancer. I likewise found out that eating sugary foods is not only bad for my health but my teeth and it is a majority of the reason I am overweight. My last Healthy Eating Plan paper shows my old eating habits.day 1CoffeeCinnamon pretzel, with sodaDouble cheeseburger, medium onion rings, soda, and two apple piesCinnamon twistBaked chicken, greens, edible cornbread, and corn Cake, Kool-Aid, cinnamon twist, and sour candy day 2Large Hot chocolate with whipped cream, and a donutCinnamon pretzel, large soda, and candy barWhopper sandwich, large French heat, and larger sodaIce cream drumstick, candy, and tater chipsFried pork chops smothered in gravy, mashed potatoes, macaroni, green eans, and Kool-Aid pipe bowl of ice cream Day 3Bowl of cereal, flavored waterThree cookiesHamburger, with fried onion ringsCandy, ice cream coneTwo bowls of cereal, Dominos pizza, cinnamon bread with icing soda My new eating habits are basically the same as my old eating habits. It is very unuttered for me to change up my routine with me being a full time mom to th ree children and I am constantly on the go. I am very well aware of the damage that I am doing to my body. I decided to test to eat healthy and see how vast it was going to last me. I did a three day synopsis before I did this concession.Here are my results. Day 1 nursing bottle Water, and grapesBananaPlain PringlesBaked chicken, mashed potatoes, corn, and a slice of cake and grape Kool-aid for dinnerBowl of ice creamSlice of cake Day 2 Flavored Water BottleGrapesCandy Bar, Cheese PringlesPizza for dinner, with a sodaIce creamcandy Day 3 Bowl of cereal, Dunkin Donuts coffeebananaCheese burger and fries, and a apple pie from McDonaldsSour candy, butter finger candy barGyros and cheese fries and a sodacandy As you can see I tried to custody up with a healthy diet but my schedule and me having a sweet tooth its not going to always work.I started off every day correct but by the middle of the day I have to have them sweets. I know eating bad is not good for my health. It also make s my body vulnerable for many diseases such(prenominal) as obesity, and diabetes. On an average day, I volition cook a healthy meal for my children, but not always. When I do cook a meal, I will most of the time cook a meat, starch, and have a choice of two vegetables. Sometimes, I cannot always do that though because of my work schedule, household duties, and schoolwork that I have to stay on up with everyday.I think that after completing the first act upon I learned how to mix it up. I try to mix up my eating, so if I cook or eat something that is not good for me, I will follow up with something that I know is. For framework if I eat pancakes with maple syrup in the morning for breakfast, I will also eat a bowl of fruit to balance out my eating. If I eat some cake or snacks before eating dinner I learned to also have some healthy vegetables or what I am trying now a salad in between there to help balance it out. Eating healthy is something wicked to try especially after a per son has been one way their entire life.Change cannot happen overnight, but I learned my caper and I am working on it. I still have many problems in my eating habits that are not healthy but I made that will help me balance it out. I try to choose wisely from the main food groups, but eating on the go most of your day will not always lead for me to do that. I think the most important part of this assignment was to learn my bad problems, and I have. It might take a footling bit of time to change my whole eating pattern but I know it can be fixed.

Technology in Modern Life

Technology has played an important habit in the newfangled workplace. Gone are the days of using paper and pencil to keep track of revenue, cash received, and other vital business statistics. construct that previously required clement labor such as tell the phone has now been replaced with automated machines which apprise direct the same grouse at a cheaper price. Further more, information technology has allowed businesses to keep records on customers in order to advertise directly to them. Modern technology has improved the dexterity of the modern workplace. Computers are more savvy than ever and smoke commit complex tasks in remote less time than humans.I was looking for more information and found it here. Due to this efficiency, business owners have reduced human labor considerablely. A receptionist is no longer needed in the modern workplace. Work that needed several people to accomplish without a conceptionr empennage be accomplished by a single mortal with one. I t is this desire for maximum effiency that has seen technology play its largest role. With companies demanding more and more proceeds for less and less cost, technology has played a crucial role in modern business. Using a computer, a company can easily plan its inventory cycle without a single employee.Computer programs can compute how much inventory is on hand and then figure out the most efficient way to disperse the inventory to customers. With the uphold of modern technology, an employee may only be needed to help with manner of speaking and to enter information to the customer. A bar scanner is a great example of modern technology changing the workplace. The bar scanner can not only scan an item, but it can also update inventory. Additionally, it can alert the computer program to order more of a particular item when it becomes understocked. Due to this, the modern workplace has become far more efficient and robust.

Enthalpy Lab

LAB OF heat content CHANGE IN COMBUSTION Objective Determine the Enthalpy mixed bag of combustion ? Hc of three different inebriantic drinks. Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropilic acid. Procedure 1. Fill the design micro have kittenser with Ethanol and weight it 2. Pour speed of light cm3 of urine into the aluminium cup 3. Arrange the cup a short distance all over the micro burner 4. Measure the temperature of peeing 5. When the temperature of the piddle has risen by 10C, record the temperature. 6. Reweight the microburner. Record 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 however now with Methanol 8.Repeat step 1 to 6 with Isopropilic acid. Data and impact Alcohols Initial pickle of microburner contract with alcoholic drink (g) 0. 01 Final kitty of microburner fill with alcohol (g) 0. 01 Initial temperature of irrigate(C) 0. 1 Final temperature of water(C) 0. 1 Volume of water in metallic calorimeter (cm3) 0. 5 Ethanol 5. 38 5. 08 23. 0 33. 0 vitamin C. 0 Methanol 5. 33 4. 94 24. 0 3 4. 0 blow. 0 Isopropolic acid 5. 45 5. 20 24. 0 34. 0 100. 0 expose the mass of water ?=mv ? (density) water system = 1. 0 g /cm3 count on % Uncertainty in mass of waterAs the mass of water is the same in the 3 alcohols the %uncertainty is the same for all the alcohols Absolute uncertainty of the step cylindermass of water ? 100 Calculating ? mass depart (alcohols burn mass) (initial mass 0. 01 g)-(final mass 0. 01 g) Calculating parting uncertainty in alcohol burned mass Absolute uncertainty of alcohols burned massalcohols burned mass ? 100 Calculate the percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned moles percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned mass+percentage uncertainty of alcohols molar mass Calculating ?H (enthalpy variety show) ?H=-mass of water x specific heat of water x ? T of water mol of alcohol * The specific heat for water is 4. 18 =1004. 184x 10=4,184 J or 4,184 KJ exothermic Methanol= * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 23C multitude (i) methanol= 5. 38g * tf= H2O=33C corporation (f) methanol= 5. 08 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 5. 38-5. 30=0. 30g ?m=? mMr=0. 3032. 04=0. 009 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 009=-464888. 9jmol % uncertainity(balance)=0. 020. 30x 100=6. 67 % % uncertainity(thermometer )=110x 100=10 % % phantasm=-726000-(-464888. )-726000x 100=36% Qualitative Observations We could see from the burn of methanol that the burn owas of color orange red, moreover therewere not dirt in the bottle. Ethanol * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24C Mass (i) ethanol= 5. 33 g * tf= H2O=34C Mass (f) ethanol= 4. 94 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 0. 39 g 5. 33-4. 94= 0. 39 g ethanol 0. 3946. 07 g/mol=0,008 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 008=-523,000jmol % uncertainity(balance)=0. 020. 39x 100=13 % % uncertainity(thermometer )=110x 100=10 % %error=-1360000-(-523000. 0)-1368000x 100=61. % Qualitative Observations We can lionize a lost of weight during the experimentation, moreover the flame was orange begrime d but with a big strong orange , it didnt burn cop therefore show dirt in the cup. Isopropolic acid * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24C Mass (i) = 5. 45 g * tf= H2O=34C Mass (f) ethanol= 5. 20g ?T= TF-TI=10 c ?m=mi-mf= 0. 25 g Isopropolic acid 0. 25 60,1g/mol=0,004 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 04=-1,046,000jmol % uncertainitybalance=0. 020. 25x 100=8% % uncertainity(thermometer )=110x 100=10 % %error=-2006. 9-(-1046. 0)-2006. 9x 100=47. 9% At last, the alcohol used was Isopropilic acid. The flame with this alcohol was the strongest flame, it was very strong, was very yellow at the top and blue at the bottom. * We could also notice that all the 3 alcohols produced Soot. (is a general term that refers to impure vitamin C particles resulting from the incomplete combustion) outcome = As we know the finality of the lab was to find the enthalpy change in the three alcohol methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol.. Enthalply change is to see or measure up the toal energy of thermodynamic sys tem.Focusing in the result we got the essential enthalpy change with a smaller value in the suppositious this is because during the experiment there was a lot of energy lost broadly speaking in the heat . the percentage of uncertainty could be also show that the heat was lost due to we didnt aggregate in small way the distance betwixt the flame and the micro burner, and percentage error was high because the heat was transfereedto the materials in the system not only to the water . Moreover from the qualitative observations we could conclude out it there was a complete or incomplete combustions.Methanol got a complete combustion since there was no soot under the cup,therefore carbol dioxide was realeased. 2CH4O (1) + 3O2 (G) = 2CO2(g) + 4H2O (I) Ethanol case was different we see that just about sootappeared in the cup, therefore carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO2 (g)+3H2O (I) C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO(g)+3H2O (I) Isopropilic Acid ,there was soot produced in the experiment, there was a incomplete combustion there was more carbon moxide produced than carbpn dioxide Errors Complete combustion was not completed because of the lack of atomic number 8 available.The micro burner had a little wick which affects the intensity of the flame The distance between the micro burner and the metallic calorimeter varies. So its no a fair experiment Heat was lost to the surrounding and the aluminum cup absorbed whatsoever of it. Improvements Use aluminum foil for a next trial to go along the flame and the base of the cup insulated from the surroundings. Measure an exact distance and persist in it constant for all trials. For a next trial uses a long-life wick that will provide a more intense flame that wont run out Try to provide an adequate oxygen supply that would be suitable for lab conditions.

Shapter 4 Global Finance Essay

Topics to engineer Class Discussion1. Why ar MNCs tingeed by tack stray causal agencys?2. Why did exchange pass judgment change recently?3. lay down the build a current exchange straddle table from a hitchicalidentify severalise and forward quotations. pastce show the class an exchange rate table from a date a month ago, or terzetto months ago. The comparison of tables go forth illustrate how exchange evaluate change, and how forward rank of the earlier date depart differ from the maculation rate of the prox date for a given silver. 4. Make up several scenarios and postulate the class how each scenario would, a nonher(prenominal) things equal, match the contend for a nones, the picture of a coin for sales agreement, and the counterpoise exchange rate. Then integrate severalscenarios together to illustrate that in authenticity new(prenominal) things be non held constant, which makes the assessment of exchange rate movements to a greater extent(pr enominal) difficult. tiny DebateThe currencies of approximately Latin Ameri stomach countries carp at against other currencies on a consistent basis. How provoke persistently weak currencies be alter? Proposition The goernments of these countries need to accession the contain for their property by attracting to a greater extent detonator emanates. Raising lodge in range will make their currencies more attractive to inappropriate dressors. They withal need to insure camber deposits so that foreign investors who invest in stupendous bank deposits do non need to worry ab push through default risk. In addition, they could impose nifty restrictions on local anaesthetic investors to veto peachy outflows.Opposing view The governments of these countries stain too much currency be coiffure they make too many promises to the electorate that would otherwise pay back to be funded by juicy(prenominal) taxes or espousal at high intimacy rate. Printing m unitaryy is the easy personal manner out but prices rise, exports decrease and imports development. Thus, these countries could relieve the downward shove on their local currencies by printing less m unmatchabley and thereby reducing the money supply and hence pretentiousness. The outcome is in every probability to be a irregular reduction in stinting growth and business failures. prouder busy judge would merely increase pompousness.Reply Solutions that cause riots atomic number 18 non very clever.With whom do you agree? Which argument do you support? maintain your own opinion on this issue. set There is no correct solution, but recognize the make dooffs. The proposal to raise pastime judge is not a good solution in the enormous run, because it will cause higher bestow rates, and whitethorn slow down the economies in the long run. Effective anti- fanfareary policies are needed to impede further depreciation. However, the elimination of ostentatiousness that is caused by a wage-price spiral may cause some distract among the workers in the country,as some form of wage governs may be needed. The government has various means of reducing largeness, but all of them can take a crap adverse cause on the saving in the in brief run. As intimated in the question, flash is a form of taxation, another modality in which governments can raise money and inevitably reduce the celebrate of ones earnings. Where governments are corrupt or have a poor control over the economy, flash may be the only reliable way of taxing. In terms of economic welfare, the question is perhaps who suffers from inflation and a depreciating currency, perhaps not so many as long as the inflation is predictable.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. Percentage Depreciation. relieve the part rate of the US dollar mark is 0.54. The anticipate spot rate one yr from now is assumed to be 0.51. What percentage depreciation does this resile? conclude (0.51 0.54)/0.54 = 5.55%Expect ed depreciation of 5.55% percent2. Inflation effectuate on flip-flop surveys. ingest that the UK inflation rate becomes high relative to euro inflation. otherwise things cosmos equal, how should this affect the (a) UK collect for euros, (b) supply of euros for foreign currency, and (c) equilibrium cherish of the euro? dissolve Demand for euros should increase (euro prices cheaper), supply of euros for sale should decrease ( prices more expensive), and the euros pry should increase (supply and demand).3. Interest Rate Effects on fill in Rates. Assume euro come to rates fall relative to British pastime rates. new(prenominal) things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro demand for British scrambles, (b) supply of crushs for sale, and (c) equilibrium pass judgment of the belabor? execute Demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale should decrease, and the pounds cling to should increase.4. Income Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that th e income train in the euro area rises at a much higher rate than does the UK income level. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro area demand for Britishpounds, (b) supply of British pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium protect of the British pound in terms of the euro? resolvent Assuming no effect on beguile rates, demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale may not be touch on, and the pounds abide by should increase. 5. Trade Restriction Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the Japanese government relaxes its controls on imports by Japanese companies. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) UK demand for Japanese yen, (b) supply of yen for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the yen?ANSWER Demand for yen should not be touched, supply of yen for sale should increase, and the value of yen should decrease.6. Effects of factual Interest Rates. What is the expect relationship mingled with the relative real interest rate s of cardinal countries and the exchange rate of their currencies? ANSWER The higher the real interest rate of a country relative to another country, the stronger will be its home currency, other things equal.7. Speculative Effects on Exchange Rates. explicate why a public work out around the prox value of the euro and about future interest rates by a respected economist could affect the value of the euro today. Why do some accounts by well-respected economists have no impact on todays value of the euro?ANSWER Interest rate movements affect exchange rates. Speculators can use anticipated interest rate movements to forecast exchange rate movements. They may decide to purchase securities in particular countries because of their expectations about currency movements, since their yield will be impact by changes in a currencys value. These purchases of securities require an exchange of currencies, which can quickly affect the equilibrium value of exchange rates. If a forecast of interest rates by a respected economist was already anticipated by grocery participants or is not different from investors original expectations, an denote forecast does not brook new teaching. Thus, there would be no answer by investors to such an resolve, and exchange rates would not be affected.8. Factors touch Exchange Rates. What factors affect the future movementsin the value of the euro against the dollar?ANSWER The euros value could change because of the balance of make out, which reflects more U.S. demand for European goods than the European demand for U.S. goods. The capital flows between the U.S. and Europe will withal affect the U.S. demand for euros and the supply of euros for sale (to be exchanged for dollars).9. fundamental interaction of Exchange Rates. Assume that there are substantial capital flows among the joined demesne, the join States, and the Euro area. If interest rates in the United Kingdom declines to a level below the U.S. interest rate, and in flationary expectations remain unchanged, how could this affect the value of the euro against the U.S. dollar? How might this decline in the United Kingdoms interest rate possibly affect the value of the British pound against the euro? ANSWER If interest rates in the UK decline, there may be an increase in capital flows from the UK to the U.S. In addition, U.S. investors may sweat to take advantage on higher U.S. interest rates, composition U.S. investors reduce their enthronizations in UKs securities. This houses downward nip on the ponds value.Euro investors who previously invested in the UK may shift to the U.S. Thus, the increased demand for dollars by euros may increase the value of the dollar in relation to the euro. 10. Trade Deficit Effects on Exchange Rates. Every month, the UK trade famine figures are announced. unconnected exchange traders often react to this announcement and even attempt to forecast the figures before they are announced.a. Why do you think the t rade deficit announcement sometimes has such an impact on foreign exchange trading?ANSWER The trade deficit announcement may provide a reasonable forecast of future trade deficits and therefore has implications about supply and demand conditions in the foreign exchange market. For example, if the trade deficit was big than anticipated, and is expected to continue, this implies that the UK demand for foreign currencies may be larger than initially anticipated. Thus, the pound would be expected to weaken. Some speculators may take a position in foreign currencies immediately and could cause animmediate decline in the pound. b. In some periods, foreign exchange traders do not respond to a trade deficit announcement, even when the announced deficit is very large. Offer an explanation for such a insufficiency of response.ANSWER If the market correctly anticipated the trade deficit figure, then any news contained in the announcement has already been accounted for in the market. The mark et should only respond to an announcement about the trade deficit if the announcement contains new information. 11. Comovements of Exchange Rates. Explain why the value of the British pound against the dollar will not always move in tandem bicycle with the value of the euro against the dollar. ANSWER The euros value changes in response to the flow of bills between the U.S. and the countries exploitation the euro or their currency. The pounds value changes in response to the flow of funds between the U.S. and the U.K. As the UK economy is different from the euro economy, economic events will have a different impact, the events themselves may also differ. Assuming that the market is efficient and that the exchange rates do move according to relevant information the fact that the relevant information sets differ justifies a less than perfect correlation of movements. That they are alike(p) is understandable as although different, the differences are not that great.12. Factors Affect ing Exchange Rates. In the 1990s, Russia was attempting to import more goods but had little to offer other countries in terms of potential exports. In addition, Russias inflation rate was high. Explain the type of twitch that these factors fixed on the Russian currency. ANSWER The large quantity of Russian imports and lack of Russian exports placed downward squeeze on the Russian currency. The high inflation rate in Russia also placed downward pinch on the Russian currency.13. National Income Effects. Analysts normally attribute the clutches of a currency to expectations that economic conditions will strengthen. Yet, this chapter suggests that when other factors are held constant, increased national income could increase imports and cause the local currency to weaken. In reality, other factors are not constant. What other factor is likely to be affected by increased economic growth and could place upward push sensation on the value of the local currency?ANSWER Interest rates tend to rise in response to a stronger economy, and higher interest rates can place upward pressure on the local currency (as long as there is not offsetting pressure by higher expected inflation).14. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. If the Asian countries make out a decline in economic growth (and experience a decline in inflation and interest rates as a result), how will their currency values (relative to the British pound) be affected?ANSWER A relative decline in Asian economic growth will reduce Asian demand for UK products, which places upward pressure on Asian currencies. However, given the change in interest rates, Asian corporations with excess cash may now invest in the UK or other countries, thereby increasing the demand for pounds. Thus, a decline in Asian interest rates will place downward pressure on the value of the Asian currencies. The boilers suit impact depends on the consecrate of the forces just described.15. Impact of Crises. Why do you think most crises in countries (such as the Asian crisis) cause the local currency to weaken on the spur of the moment? Is it because of trade or capital flows? ANSWER Capital flows have a larger influence. In general, crises tend to cause investors to expect that there will be less investment in the country in the future and also cause concern that any existing investments will pass poor returns (because of defaults on gives or reduced valuations of stocks). Thus, as investors make up their investments and interchange the local currency into other currencies to invest elsewhere, downward pressure is placed on the local currency. 16. How do you think weaker economic conditions would affect trade flows in a Developing earth? How would weaker conditions affect the value of its currency ( retentivity other factors constant)? How do you think interest rates would be affected? ANSWER Weak world economic conditions would result in a reduced demand for foreign products, which results in a decline in the demand for foreign currencies, particularly the currencies of developing countries that rely on exports. pickings the US as the dominant economy there would thereforebe downward pressure on currencies relative to the dollar (upward pressure on the dollars value). The lower U.S. interest rates that accompany weaker economic conditions should reduce the capital flows to the U.S., which place downward pressure on the value of the dollar.Advanced Questions17. Measuring Effects on Exchange Rates. Tarheel Co. plans to determine how changes in UK and euro real interest rates will affect the value of the British pound. a. Describe a regression model that could be used to action this purpose. Also explain the expected sign of the regression coefficient.ANSWER divers(a) models are possible.Based on the model above, the regression coefficient is expected to have a negative sign. A comparatively high real interest rate differential would likely cause a weaker euro value, other things being equal. An appropriate model would also include other independent variables that may influence the percentage change in the pesos value.b. If Tarheel Co. thinks that the creation of a quota in particular historical periods may have affected exchange rates, how might this be accounted for in the regression model? ANSWER A dummy variable could be included in the model, delegate a value of one for periods when a quota existed and a value of nobody when it did not exist. This answer requires some creative thinking, as it is not raddled directly from the text.18. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. Mexico tends to have much higher inflation than the United States and also much higher interest rates than the United States. Inflation and interest rates are much more mercurial in Mexico than in industrialized countries. The value of the Mexican peso is typically more volatile than the currencies of industrialized countries from a U.S. perspective it has typically depreciated from one year to the next, but the degree of depreciation has varied substantially. The gambol/ask scattering tends to be wider for the peso than for currencies of industrialized countries.a. Identify the most demonstrable economic reason for the persistent depreciationof the peso. ANSWER The high inflation in Mexico places continual downward pressure on the value of the peso.b. High interest rates are commonly expected to strengthen a countrys currency because they can encourage foreign investment in securities in that country, which results in the exchange of other currencies for that currency. Yet, the pesos value has declined against the dollar over most years even though Mexican interest rates are typically much higher than U.S. interest rates. Thus, it appears that the high Mexican interest rates do not attract substantial U.S. investment in Mexicos securities. Why do you think U.S. investors do not try to capitalize on the high interest rates in Mexico?ANSWER The high interest rates in Mexico result from expectations of high inflation. That is, the real interest rate in Mexico may not be any higher than the U.S. real interest rate. tending(p) the high inflationary expectations, U.S. investors recognize the potential weakness of the peso, which could more than offset the high interest rate (when they transfigure the pesos back to dollars at the end of the investment period). Therefore, the high Mexican interest rates do not encourage U.S. investment in Mexican securities, and do not help to strengthen the value of the peso. c. Why do you think the bid/ask spread is higher for pesos than for currencies of industrialized countries? How does this affect a U.S. pissed that does substantial business in Mexico? ANSWER The bid/ask spread is wider because the banks that provide foreign exchange services are subject to more risk when they maintain currencies such as the peso that could decline curtly at any time. A wider bid/ask spread adversely affects the U.S. firm th at does business in Mexico because it increases the transactions costs associated with conversion of dollars to pesos, or pesos to dollars.19. Aggregate Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the United Kingdom invests severely in government and corporate securities of Country K. In addition, residents of Country K invest heavily in the United Kingdom. Approximately 10 billion worth of investment transactions occur between these two countries each year. The total pound value of trade transactions per year is about 8 one one thousand million million. This information is expected to also hold in the future. Because your firm exports goods to Country K, your job asinternational cash manager requires you to forecast the value of Country Ks currency (the krank) with respect to the pound. Explain how each of the sideline conditions will affect the value of the krank, holding other things equal. Then, aggregate all of these impacts to develop an overall forecast of the kranks moveme nt against the pound.a. UK inflation has suddenly increased substantially, while Country Ks inflation remains low. ANSWER Increased UK demand for the krank. diminish supply of kranks for sale. Upward pressure in the kranks value.b. UK interest rates have increased substantially, while Country Ks interest rates remain low. Investors of both(prenominal) countries are attracted to high interest rates. ANSWER Decreased UK demand for the krank. Increased supply of kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the kranks value.c. The UK income level increased substantially, while Country Ks income level has remained unchanged.ANSWER Increased UK demand for the krank. Upward pressure on the kranks value. d. The UK is expected to impose a small tariff on goods imported from Country K. ANSWER The tariff will cause a decrease in the United Kingdom desire for Country Ks goods, and will therefore reduce the demand for kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the kranks value.e. Combine all expected impa cts to develop an overall forecast. ANSWER Two of the scenarios described above place upward pressure on the value of the krank. However, these scenarios are related to trade, and trade flows are relatively minor between the UK and Country K. The interest rate scenario places downward pressure on the kranks value. Since the interest rates affect capital flows and capital flows dominate trade flows between the UK and Country K, the interest rate scenario should deluge all other scenarios. Thus, when considering the importance of implications of all scenarios, the krank is expected to depreciate.20. Speculation. Blue daimon Bank expects that the Mexican peso will depreciate against the dollar from its spot rate of $.15 to $.14 in 10 old age.The following interbank lending and borrow rates existU.S. dollarMexican peso totaling Rate8.0%8.5% adoption Rate8.3%8.7%Assume that Blue Demon Bank has a borrowing capacity of each $10 million or 70 million peos in the interbank market, depend ing on which currency it wants to borrow. a. How could Blue Demon Bank attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the hits that could be generated from this schema. ANSWER Blue Demon Bank can capitalize on its expectations about pesos (MXP) as follows 1. Borrow MXP70 million2. convince the MXP70 million to dollarsMXP70,000,000 $.15 = $10,500,0003. Lend the dollars through the interbank market at 8.0% annualized over a 10-day period. The amount roll up in 10 days is$10,500,000 1 + (8% 10/360) = $10,500,000 1.002222 = $10,523,333 4. Repay the peso contribute. The quittance amount on the peso lend is MXP70,000,000 1 + (8.7% 10/360) = 70,000,000 1.002417=MXP70,169,167 5. Based on the expected spot rate of $.14, the amount of dollars needed to satisfy the peso loan isMXP70,169,167 $.14 = $9,823,6836. After returning the loan, Blue Demon Bank will have a speculative profit (if its forecasted exchange rate is accurate) of$10,523,333 $9,823,683 = $699,650b. Assume all the preceding information with this exception Blue Demon Bankexpects the peso to appreciate from its present spot rate of $.15 to $.17 in 30 days. How could it attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy.ANSWER Blue Demon Bank can capitalize on its expectations as follows 1. Borrow $10 million2. diversify the $10 million to pesos (MXP)$10,000,000/$.15 = MXP66,666,6673. Lend the pesos through the interbank market at 8.5% annualized over a 30-day period. The amount accumulated in 30 days isMXP66,666,667 1 + (8.5% 30/360) = 66,666,667 1.007083 = MXP67,138,889 4. Repay the dollar loan. The repayment amount on the dollar loan is $10,000,000 1 + (8.3% 30/360) = $10,000,000 1.006917 = $10,069,170 5. Convert the pesos to dollars to repay the loan. The amount of dollars to be conveyd in 30 days (based on the expected spot rate of $.17) isMXP67,138,889 $.17 = $11,413,6116. The profits are headstrong by estimating the dollars available after repaying the loan $11,413,611 $10,069,170 = $1,344,44121. Speculation. rhomb Bank expects that the capital of Singapore dollar will depreciate against the euro from its spot rate of 0.48 euros to 0.45 euros in 60 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates existLending RateeuroSingapore dollar7.0%22.0% acceptation Rate7.2%24.0% rhombus Bank considers borrowing 10 million Singapore dollars in the interbank market and investing the funds in euros for 60 days. Estimate the profits (or losses) that could be earned from this strategy. Should Diamond Bank pursue this strategy?ANSWERBorrow S$10,000,000 and convert to eurosS$10,000,000 0.48 = 4,800,000 eurosInvest funds for 60 days. The rate earned in the euros for 60 days is 7% (60/360) = 1.17%Total amount accumulated in 60 days4,800,000 euros (1 + .0117) = 4,856,160 eurosConvert euros back to S$ in 60 days4,856,160 /0.45 = S$10,791,467 The rate to be paid on loan is.24 (60/360) = .04Amount owed on S$ loan isS$10,000,000 (1 + .04) = S$10,400,000This strategy results in a profitS$10,791,467 S$10,400,000 = S$391,467Diamond Bank should pursue this strategy.Blades plc Case StudyAs the chief fiscal officer of Blades plc Ben Holt is pleased that his current system of exporting Speedos to Siameseland faces to be on the job(p) well. Blades primary customer in siamese connectionland, a retailer called Entertainment Products, has attached itself to purchasing a fixed number of Speedos annually for the next common chord years at a fixed price denominated in tical, Thailands currency. Furthermore, Blades is using a Thai supplier for some of the components needed to bring into being Speedos. Nevertheless, Holt is concerned about recent developments in Asia. Foreign investors from various countries had invested heavily in Thailand to take advantage of the high interest rates there. As a result of the weak economy in Thailand, however,many foreign investors have lost confidence in Thailand and have withdrawn their funds.Ben Holt has two major concerns regarding these developments. First, he is wondering how these changes in Thailands economy could affect the value of the Thai baht and, consequently, Blades. More specifically, he is wondering whether the effects on the Thai baht may affect Blades even though its primary Thai customer is committed to Blades over the next three years. Second, Holt believes that Blades may be able to speculate on the anticipated movement of the baht, but he is uncertain about the procedure needed to obtain this. To facilitate Holts understanding of exchange rate speculation, he has asked you, Blades fiscal analyst, to provide him with detailed illustrations of two scenarios. In the first, the baht would move from a current level of 0.0147 to 0.0133 within the next 30 days. Under the imprimatur scenario, the baht would move from its current level to 0.0167 withi n the next 30 days.Based on Holts needs, he has provided you with the following list of questions to be answered 1. How are percentage changes in a currencys value measured? Illustrate your answer numerically by assuming a change in the Thai bahts value from a value of 0.0147 to 0.0173. 2. What are the radical factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors?3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates in Thailand have affected the bahts value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) 4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the withdrawal of funds from Thailand, affected the bahts value? Would Blades be affected by the change in value, given the primary Thai customers commitment?5. Assume that Thailands central bank wishes to forestall a withdrawal of funds from its country in arrange to prevent further changes in the currencys value. How could it accomplish this documental using interest rates?6. build up a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the bahts value over the next 30 days. Also show the speculative profit (in pounds) resulting from each scenario. Use both of Ben Holts examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either 7 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to Blades CurrencyDollarsThai bahtLending Rate8.10%14.80%Borrowing Rate8.20%15.40%Solution to continuing Case Problem Blades.1. How are percentage changes in a currencys value measured? Illustrate your answer numerically by assuming a change in the Thai bahts value from a value of 0.0147 to 0.0173. ANSWER The percentage change in a currencys value is measured as follows%SStSt11where S denotes the spot rate, and St 1 denotes the spot rate a s of the earlier date. A positive percentage change represents appreciation of the foreign currency, while a negative percentage change represents depreciation.In the example provided, the percentage change in the Thai baht would be = 17.69%0.0173 0.01470.0147That is, the baht would be expected to appreciate by 17.69%. 2. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors?ANSWER The basic factors that determine the value of a currency are the supply of the currency for sale and the demand for the currency. A high level of supply of a currency generally decreases the currencys value, while a high level of demand for a currency increases its value. In equilibrium, the supply of the currency equals the demand for the currency. 3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates have affected the bahts value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) ANSWER The baht wo uld be affected both by inflation levels and interest rates in Thailand relative to levels of these variables in the UK. A high level of inflation tends to result in currency depreciation, as it would increase the Thai demand for UK goods, causing an increase in the Thai demand for dollars. Furthermore, a relatively high level of Thai inflation would reduce the UK demand for Thai goods, causing an increase in the supply of baht for sale. Conversely, the high level of interest rates in Thailand may cause appreciation of the baht relative to the dollar. A relatively high level of interest rates in Thailand would have rendered investments there more attractive for UK investors, causing an increase in the demand for baht. Furthermore, UK securities would have been less attractive to Thai investors, causing an increase in the supply of dollars for sale. However, investors might be unwilling to invest in baht-denominated securities if they are concerned about the potential depreciation of the baht that could result from Thailands inflation.4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the withdrawal of funds from Thailand, affected the bahts value? Would Blades be affected by the change in value, given the primary Thai customers commitment?ANSWER In general, a depreciation in the foreign currency results when investors liquidate their investments in the foreign currency, increasing the supply of its currency for sale. Blades would probably be affected by the change in value even though its Thai customers commitment, as the sales are denominated in baht. Thus, the depreciation in the baht would have caused a conversion of the baht revenue into fewer pounds.5. Assume that Thailands central bank wishes to prevent a withdrawal of funds from its country in order to prevent further changes in the currencys value. How could it accomplish this objective using interest rates?ANSWER If Thailands central bank wishes to prevent further depreciation i n the bahts value, it would attempt to increase the level of interest rates in Thailand. In turn, this would increase the demand for Thai baht by UK investors, as Thai securities would now seem more attractive. This would place upward pressure on the currencys value. However, the high interest rates could reduce local borrowing and spending.6. Construct a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the bahts value over the next 30 days. Also show the speculative profit (in dollars) resulting from each scenario. Use both of Ben Holts examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either 10 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to BladesCurrencyDollarsThai bahtLending Rate8.10%14.80%Borrowing Rate8.20%15.40%ANSWER (See spreadsheet attached.)Depreciation of the Baht from 0.0147 to 0.0 1331. Borrow Thai baht (10,000,000/0.0147)2. Convert the Thai baht to pounds 680,272,109 baht 0.0147). 3. Lend the pounds at 8.10% annualized, which represents a 0.68% return over the 30-day period computed as 8.10% (30/360). After 30 days, Blades would receive (10,000,000 (1 + .0068))4. Use the proceeds of the dollar loan repayment (on twenty-four hours 30) to repay the baht borrowed. The annual interest on the baht borrowed is 15.40%, or 1.28% over the 30-day period computed as 15.40% (30/360). The total baht amount necessary to repay the loan is therefore (680,272,109 (1 + .0128))680,272,10910,000,00010,068,000.00688,979,5925. Number of pounds necessary to repay baht loan (688,979,592 baht 0.0133)9,163,4296. Speculative profit (10,068,000 9,163,429)904,571Appreciation of the Baht from 0.0147 to 0.01671. Borrow pounds.2. Convert the pounds to Thai baht (10 million/0.0147).3. Lend the baht at 14.80% annualized, which represents a 1.23% return over the 30-day period computed a s 14.80% (30/360). After 30 days,10,000,000.00680,272,109Blades would receive (THB 680,272,109 (1 + .0123))4. Use the proceeds of the baht loan repayment (on Day 30) to repay the dollars borrowed. The annual interest on the dollars borrowed is 8.20%, or 0.68% over the 30-day period computed as 8.20% (30/360). The total dollar amount necessary to repay the loan is therefore (10,000,000 (1 + .0068))5. Number of baht necessary to repay dollar loan (10,068,000.00/0.0167) 6. Speculative profit (THB688,639,456 THB602,874,251)7. Dollar equivalent of speculative profit (THB 85,765,2050.0167)688,639,45610,068,000.00602,874,25185,765,2051,432,278Blades would be ill advised to speculate in this way as it is not a specialiser in the financial markets and does not have specialist abilities or information to use. These actions are thyerfore little better than gambling and are highly ill advised.Small Business DilemmaAssessment by the Sports Exports Company of Factors That Affect the British Po unds Value1. Given Jims expectations, forecast whether the pound will appreciate or depreciate against the euro over time.ANSWER The pound should depreciate because the British inflation is expected to be higher than the euro. This could cause a shift in trade flows that would place downward pressure on the pounds value. The interest rate movements of both countries are expected to be similar for both countries. Therefore, there should not be any adjustment in the capital flows between the two countries.2. Given Jims expectations, will the Sports Exports Company be favourably or unfavourably affected by the future changes in the value of the pound?ANSWER The Sports Exports Company will be unfavourably affected, because depreciation in the British pound will cause the pound receivables to convert into fewer euros.

Tanks in World War I

In 1915 Europe was in the midst of domain War I and was at a stalemate ca apply by trench warfare. There was a need for new and revolutionary weapons to end the dilemma. The British found a solution to this problem by inventing storage tanks. The invention of the tank had numerous pros and cons, but it ultimately changed warfare. Tanks were built for the purpose of traversing through trenches. Trenches were go a literal wall and prevented either side from advancing.Tanks were the solution to the quandary that was the Western Front. The first prototype was called Mark I and was tested for the British Army in the September of 1916. Tanks were progressive and enabled many new tactics. They used caterpillar tracks which had a less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking. Tanks offered security measures against firearms and intimidated German infantry men that were shocked deeply by the fact that they cannot destroy a tank with machine gun alone.Tanks were overly great for accom panying infantry to protect them. There were also cons that went along with the use of tanks. Tanks were very slow, moving at a rate of iv miles per hour casual human walking speed. They were mechanically unreliable, and broke shine frequently. Most of the time tanks were hot, numbingly loud and generally uncomfortable for the crews. After the British introduced the tank into the war other countries had their own variations.France launched their first tank, the Schneider CA1, shortly by and by Britain had introduced the. Mark I. These tanks were the same as British tanks in most aspects, pull for that they moved faster by 1 mph. Close to the end of origination War I, Germany had their own tank. The A7V, nicknamed The Moving Fortress by the British because of the act upon of the hull, was entered into war in 1918 and were in action for eight months. One 100 vehicles were ordered during the spring of 1918, but only 21 were delivered.

How to Write a Industry Outlook

What is the size of your industry? What sectors does this industry include? Who argon the major players in this industry? What are the securities industrys and customers for this industry? What are the industrys estimated gross sales this year? Last year? The year before? What national/ frugal trends have postulateed this industry and how? What national/economic trends might affect it in the future and how? What is the long-term outlook for this industry? Writing a Business send off Position in the Industry What products or function will your origin sector be selling? What is your Unique Selling suggest ? What is it about your business that flummoxs it unique and sets it apart from competitors? ) What are the barriers to entry in your industry? How will you overcome these barriers? Who are your competitors? What is the market share of your competitors? What is your business competitive advantage (i. e. your market niche or estimated market share)? What is your target market ? How are you protecting your product or process (i. e. patents, copyrights, trademarks, franchise rights that you every hold or plan to acquire)? How to Write a Business Plan The Industry SectionOnce you have all this information, youll write this section of the business plan in the form of several short paragraphs. (Remember, each of these paragraphs is a summary, not a detailed point-by-point explanation. ) Use appropriate headings for each paragraph. (See the sidebar for a business plan sample of this section of the business plan, from the Royal Bank. ) But where do you find the information that you need for writing the Industry Overview section of your business plan? Page 2 of this article provides some Canadian resources to make your task easier and some tips for conducting business plan research.

Poisonwood Bible: Analysis of Ruth May

Point/Purpose The classic impertinent The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, features, among her three other sisters and mother, pathos may Price, who is the 5 course of instruction old daughter of Reverend Nathan Price, who has been stationed in the Congo for a electric charge trip in the name of the Baptist Church in the year 1959, a time when many of the racial biases and attitudes toward Afri nookies and wo hands are still prevalent in the US, especially the Prices home state of Georgia.These biases and views have rubbed off on condolence may, who as a young child absorbs and regurgitates all that she hears and experiences, which is why pathos whitethorn represents the ignorance of some Western views towards the customs and general bias towards anyone with an African background. However, as she is integrated into her new society, pity May is able to succor the entirety of the children in the settlement.Quotation/question The biased mode that commiseration May ha s been taught to see her future, along with how young and uneducated she is shown when she says, Father says a girls cant go to college because theyll pour water in your shoes, (pg 117). The way that compassion May talks about her own gender and the Africans is very ignorant. interpretation ruth May has been affected by her surroundings very dramatically.The way that she thinks about Africans and women in a lesser manner than American men shows makes her situation a perfect example of nature vs.nurture. In this case, Ruth May is a product of her past, and her biased outlook on life story is due to the way that she was brought up in the southern United States, which was a hotbed for racism in the early to mid-20th century. This state of mind is not permanent, however. Ruth May is just a child, and it is believed that childrens minds are the most moldable, so even though she had a prejudiced mind Ruth May has changed by hanging around the African kids.Ruth May is not unless a cha racter, as she could very well be an attempt by the author to show the biased nature of the south in 1959. Ruth May is an innocent result of her father and other mens prejudice towards women and Africans. Technique Barbara Kingsolvers method to defining Ruth Mays character is based on her limited vocabulary and grammar knowledge, along with showing how she is a sponge for information.The way that Ruth May is allowed to be within the vicinity of conversations that the other girls would normally be unable to mind into shows how it is believed that, since she is just a young child, she is unable of making sense of the much mature topics that may be discussed. And this is true for the most part, as Ruth May mostly just simply files away the information that she may have been privy to. The author shows clearly Ruth Mays age along with her innocence and ability to accept information slowly by writing from her point of view in the way that it would be expected a 5-year-old would think a nd act.

Middle passage of slavery

One of the bleak periods of the worlds history is the merchandise and featation of black buckle downs. The stinting expansion in Europe and the States through agricultural lands brought a growing demand for labor reach. European traders seized the opportunity by give Africans to be sold as slaves.Sources included Kongo and Ndongo (which now became Angola) and Senegal, although major trading took place ion the Atlantic Coast of Africa. As demands for slaves increased, trading fete in Eastern Africa (Perry 227). Nowhere can one find a very much profitable business than slave-trading during these period, which remarkably spanned for about four centuries (15th to 19th century) of invariable trading, estimated to r from each one about 20 million slaves (Ferguson and Bruun 569). At the height of trading during the 17th to 18th century, a trader who sold one manly slave is guaranteed to support more than fair to middling a years earnings.In England, a trader can even gain repu tability since its society saw nothing wrong with this kind of business and was not regarded as illegal. It is not surprising therefore that many Europeans were lured by the foresee of making a big fortune out of slave trading, to the prejudice of Africans who were taken absorbed. The desire to knead a sizeable amount of bullion and the insensibility of land owners had blinded them to see that these Africans were fellow human universes and should be slightnessed humanely.A significant aspect of the stainless process touch partnering with Africans. While it is shocking to see how one race could brutally treat another, it is more startling to see how a fellow African could exploit its own kind. Fellow Africans play a key role in helping European traders to succeed. They ar responsible for the capture of their own countrymen, snatching and detaining them to a slave factory located at the western coast of Africa (Hibbert 127). many another(prenominal) do not reach the coast, since they could not survive being compel to march as far as 1,000 miles chained and with little food. Those who do were forcibly held in the factory, where working conditions were deplorable and food was scarce. Detention could shop from a number of weeks to a year. These African human smugglers would exchange their goods for guns, fabrics, surface products for weapons and farm tools, beads, or even cowry shells and other insignificant items brought by their European counterpart (Perry 229).Slave trading then became a moneymaking(a) business. There were written accounts of the horrific conditions with which captured Africans were subjected to. One captive slave named Olaudah Equiano vividly described through his own experience, the ordeal of many African slaves (Winds of renewal 123). For this reason, some slaves had come to regard death a blissful path of ending the hardship. From the onset of their captivity to the point of slavery, slaves were deprived of any advanced to choose for themselves. Slaves were regarded more as a piece of property than a worker. Men, women, or children, common or of noble descent, all were taken captive for selling. Their fate totally depended on the hands of their captors and owners (Ferguson and Bruun 569-590).I. The Slave-Trade Route and The Middle rushThe course of trading by the Europeans involved different stages. The Middle transition was usually associated with the trans-Atlantic shipment of human cargoes either to the Americas or the Caribbean. Strictly discourse however, the term was utilise to describe the second of a three-part stage of a trading process which includes the transportation of captured Africans. This also meant that traders are able to make a big size of income since every stage is able to introduce a large amount of profit.The first part starts with the Europeans carrying goods to Africa that will be used to trade-in for the African slaves. Upon completion of negotiations, the now empty ve ssel is now replenished with purchased humans. The Middle Passage or otherwise known as the middle leg then begins the second part of the trading route.This sweep would practically take two to three months before reaching America or other destinations in Europe. During bad weathers, the lurch could stretch as long as four months. Those who survive the trip were sold and the capacious profit was used to purchase products such as sugar. The traders will make another huge profit, as they sell these goods in their return trip to Europe, the last part of the voyage (Winds of Revolution 122).II. Conditions During the VoyageThose taken to the slave ships were treated worse than animals. The decks were cramped and did not leave much direction for standing. Men and women in shackles were packed closely. They were required to lie on their backs, with their heads on another slaves leg. Such a horrible locate caused them to lie down on human discharges of anothers feces, urine, and at ti mes even blood all throughout the passage. The air was putrid for breathing.Consequently, such lamentable conditions in cargo ships led to the rapid spread of diseases that took the life of many these people. Those who died were thrown overboard to hang on sickness from scatter further. In order to control any rebellion, the crowd often resorted to cruelty. Women were often abused sexually.The poor physical conditions within the ship, the lack of food, the cruelty of their captors, and the dubiety of the future caused others to attempt self-destruction. Traders however, would want as much as each slaves to survive, simply for profits sake. When a slave attempts to commit suicide through self-imposed starvation, the method of force-feeding was used. Others sought death by jump off the ship. If it is of any consolation, members of the crews ship were treated only if a little better than the slaves. Others also experienced being earnestly beaten by their captain. One account even records of a crew who sought his watery death than continue the agony of being repeatedly beaten (Winds of Revolution 124-129).III. Reason for Choosing Africans as SlavesWhen Spain and Portugal took off plans for exploration, it ended in human exploitation. As they reached and colonized parts of the Americas, Native Americans proved passing tight for forced labor since they were unaccustomed to agricultural work. They also exhibited poor exemption to Old World diseases. Their familiarity of the surroundings made it extremely difficult for the Europeans to prevent them from escaping.Meanwhile, a small portion of Africans slavery was already being utilisationd in its outposts in Africa. Europeans had taken the idea from an African usage of enslaving war prisoners. African characteristics were also observed to be a spate better Africans were found to be more useful and stronger than the Native Americans. Since they were used to a hotter climate and agricultural work, Africans di d not easily fell course to European diseases. All these factors caused Europeans to rely more on Africans for slavery.IV. ConclusionThe practice was deeply rooted in greed. Actions to counter slavery met with great(p) resistance and were relatively slow. It even tore America apart during a acidulous civil war. The dispute concerning slavery continued for many generations between those who are for or against it. England passed the abolition of slavery in 1833 and anyone caught violating the law was fined as much as 20 million (Checkland 341). Other European nations also followed suit.Towards its abolition, great damage was already done on the economic, political, and social aspects of Africa. Since wealth was operose on slave-trading and possessed only by a few hands acquired wealth was not used for the development of the land to benefit its entire society. Africa lost much of their human wealth and for four hundred years, suffered the consequences losing electromotive force leaders and good laborers for its own advancement. Those transported became alienated from their culture of origin (Perry 231).As for the following generations of those people who were transported, the struggle still continuous for people of distort even thousands of years after the abolition of slave trading in America and the Western countries. Many still feel the sting of documentation from the taint of stereotyping created by the past. It left a legacy of racism puzzle in some parts of society today. Although the practice should remain bury in the past, looking back on this bitter history should keep aflame all efforts to prevent it from recurring again.Traders before referred to it as a necessary evil. However, no amount of reason should be sufficient enough to allow anyone to exploit or even look down on its fellow human being.Works CitedCheckland, S.G. The Rise of Industrial Society in England, 1815-1885. Great Britain Longman, 1964.Cowell, Alan. Killing the Wizards. New York Simon & Schuster, 1992.Ferguson, Wallace, and Geoffrey Bruun. A Survey of European cultivation 3rd ed. USA The Riverside Press, 1958).Hibbert, Cristopher. Africa Explored Europeans in the Dark Continent (1769-1889). capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Books Ltd., 1982.Perry, Marvin. Unfinished Journey A World History. USA Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983.Winds of Revolution AD 1700-1800. USA Time-Life Books, 1991.

Different political tribes’ opinions about Islam in Malaysia

Malaysiansia is a multi- cultural multi cultural and multilingual bon ton with Malay, Indian and Chinese cosmos the study races in the population. There ar as sound another(prenominal) innate tribal groups and Bahasa Malaysia is the realms national language although such(prenominal) other dialects like Mandarin, English and Tamil atomic number 18 widely spoken curiously in the commercial and craft sectors.The countrys official devotion is Islam practiced by majority Malayans but other faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity argon also practiced (Verma 96). Malaysia is made up of two major regions that guide been separated by South China Sea and consists of a federation of thirteen differentiates and 3 federal territories. Although little interaction is notable, the communities are said to coexist in harmony regardless of their spectral and cultural differences (Hussain).In Malaysia like in any other state that is predominantly Moslem it is hard t o separate godliness and state matters and frequently attention is return to the manner in which Islam is represented in the socio-cultural and political spheres. It is no esteem then that in Malaysia, faith has depart very much politicized small-arm contentiousness marks the secular state (Lahoud 40, 43). In a multi-ethnic country that is on the modernization path like Malaysia the implications and reality of a government whose policies are rooted in Islam has begun to sink in the minds of to the highest degree people.Such issues like Moslem state, license of religion, the hudoud law and freedom of expression defecate spilled out into the popular arena as the two major Islamic political parties, the opposition PAS ( troupe Islam se-Malaysia) and ruling UMNO (United Malays National Organization) continue to get by for political dominance in this nation. UMNO is the major political ships company and has dominated Malaysian politics for decades.After Prime Minister Abdu llah Badawi came to power in 2003, thither has been notable attempts to force Islamic values on non-Muslims and his attempt to promote traditional Islam (Islam Hadari) has turned Islam into the integral part of all government policies (Esposito et al 94-103). The noble of the Hijab on non-Muslim women in the police force and those working in restaurants, and the eject imposed on couples not to apply opens in public are clear indications of the stylus Malaysian government policies continue to refer the non-Muslim population. exclusively PAS is opposed to Islam Hadhari and aims at establishing a state of Malaysia based on a theoretical approach of Islam as provided for in the Sunnah (way of the prophet and Quran) (Hussain). In view of the fact that Islam and Malay identity are so intertwined, there is a tough contest between the PAS and UMNO parties as they try to out-do apiece other on the political and ghostly arenas and win the role of Islams standard-bearer, and in such a way, the vote of the Malay constituents.UMNO has frequently been impeach by PAS of failing to uphold Islam and its values while UMNO institutionalises PAS of creation fanatical and led by conservative traditionalists who pose a threat to the stinting growth of the country. PAS goes on to criticize UMNO of practicing uneven development and in this way has managed to attract the appeal of the Malay Muslim. The PAS party has diverted its political propaganda from Malay nationalism and value of Islamic law and now stresses that is its affiliated to authentic Islam.The party necessitateers are using their position to diversify social-cultural liveliness among the Northern states governed by PAS (Esposito 94-103). Islamic institutions and mosques in opposition strongholds such as Selangor have been banned from any promotion of Islam Hadhari arguing that it is distorting the religion of Islam by including non-Muslims in its laws. PAS which is an opposition party goes on to argue tha t Islam Hadhari is stellar(a) to a loss of spiritualism in the Islamic religion and that Islam is being mis employ to promote economic development.Other opposition parties like the peoples Justice Party (PJP) and Chinese dominated Leftist Democratic Party (CDP) have not opposed this ban. Various Muslim groups have also been debating over the role that Islam should play in Malaysian society, be it in relation to religious freedom in such a plural society, democracy or rights for minorities and women (Lahoud 40-43). In Malaysia, ethnic and religious diversity is outstanding and certain religions are identified with certain ethnic groups for example Malays with the Islamic religion, and ethnic Chinese tribes with their traditional religions.The communalization of Islam by the Malays through their approach that ethical and religious sakes are gibe does not go sound with non-Muslims who hold a view that Islam is to blame for underachievement in Malayan society (Verma 94). The Malays ian constitution defines all Malays as Muslim irrespective of their ethnic orbit and states that Islam should not be challenged either constitutionally or conventionally. Introduction of religious discourse in national identification delimitate a Malayan as either Muslim or non-Muslim has not gone well with non-Muslims who view this t land up as discriminative.Although Islam defines emphasis on such principles as tolerance, peaceful co-existence, human brother-hood and respect for all, the Muslims in Malaysia like in any other Muslim dominated country seem to enjoy finicky rights and this status-quo is bound to continue until such a time that Islam gets modernized or reformed. Muslims in Malaysia have proved very reluctant to extend equal rights to the nonage non-Muslim community and although other religious groups have been given freedom to practice their beliefs, this practice is limited and building of places of worship is sanctioned by the state.Demolition of some Chinese t emples and several Hindu temples in 2004 and 2005 raised rumpus within these communities leading to discontentment with the authorities. Worship places for Muslims are also make from public funds while others are privately funded. The non-Muslim tax-payers are sure as shooting not happy or so this and view such a move as exploitation of the minority (Verma 94-103). Traditional Chinese view just about Islam has still been much bent towards indifference rather than hostility.Ethnic Chinese are far above the Malays in the fields of trade, modern education and business and they find no good reason to show any interest in Islam because of its identification with inferior ethnic groups. The Malays on the other hand question the Islamic worth of ethnic Chinese cultural practices such as use of chopsticks for eating although this practice has been traditionally unacceptable to the Malays. Because of the locating the Malay Muslims hold towards Chinese culture, the ethnic Chinese has got all the more(prenominal) convinced that Islam is not suitable for the Chinese people.Most of the Chinese oppose understructure Islam because as they argue, it poses political opposition to Malaysias economic transformation. Non-Muslims and liberal Muslims accuse Islam of being intolerant to secularism and trying to interpret any issue on the basis of Islamic religion. They argue that Islam tends to be too rigid and fails to see that social situations continue to evolve and change with time and that such interpretations as were used in ancient times re not matched with the changing social situations (Esposito 92-107).In Malaysia, Muslims have all long enjoyed particular(prenominal) religio-ethnic privileges at the expense of the Indians, Chinese and other indigenous communities that practice other religions. The non-Muslims are subjected to discrimination in the government-supported sectors such as education (scholarships, schools and universities) as well as in businesses a nd employment sectors. They are also subject to religious discrimination such as use of the Islamic Sharia laws to steady down any religious disputes between the Muslims and non-Muslims, a practice that is done in Islamic courts which remain inaccessible for non-Muslims.In the recent past, Shariah court rulings in marriage, conversion, child custody and divorce cases involving non-Muslim have also drawn much criticism from the non-Muslim community because the verdict is passed based on Islamic laws (Peletz 3-6, 12). but non-Muslims still continue to convert to Islam for marriage purposes and because they indirect request to enjoy the special privileges accorded to the Muslims. A non-Muslim cannot be married to a Muslim unless the former converts to Islam first. But it is unfortunate that one cannot convert back to their original religion subsequently a divorce because Islam gives no room for someone to desert the faith.They interpenetrate that once a Muslim always a Muslim and those who have tried to change have only changed their belief but de jure remain Muslim. In most cases in Malaysia conversion from Islam to another religion is not allowed especially for the ethnic Malay and such an offence pull up stakes lead to a jail term or fine or in some cases both. Most public institutions are Muslim dominated and non-Muslims normally convert to Islam to be included in such institutions. The minority ethnic tribes of Malaysia also identify with Islam as the only means of being recognized by the state and benefiting from state programs (Esposito 92-96).Islam can be a blessing to all Malaysians if it is practiced the proper way. But the fact that the Muslims want to persuade the other communities into living an Islamic kind of life which fit in to the Muslims is the only acceptable way, has led to a lot of discontentment among the non-Muslims. Muslims leave alone that Islam is a religion and should not be forced upon others in a multi-racial country that ad vocates religious tolerance. It should therefore not destine the way of life of a different religious group or even determine the political system in such a multi-ethnic country like Malaysia.In a society where everyone pays tax irrespective of their ethnic or religious background, it is most unfair that tax-payers money is only used to pay Islamic teachers and maintain Islamic institutions at the expense of others (Hussain). Views about Islam are also diverse among the Muslim believers and radical groups propagating for reform such as Sisters in Islam have become very strong in Malaysia. They are calling for more rights for women such as being allowed to learn and become judges in the countries judicial courts, and are also calling for an end to the outdated practice of polygamy.Such groups are fighting against religious radicalism that has been fighting to put the woman back to the confinement of the home in a society where formal education has been extended to every gender (Anwa r). There is change magnitude awareness that using Islam to design laws and public policies that will be used to govern private and public live in this country, will lead to a situation whereby it becomes very important to determine who is responsible for defining the role Islam plays in society.In Malaysia, womens groups, political parties, NGOs, the Media and human rights organizations have began to lock away in public debates on several such issues and the role that religion should play in political life. Most of these people feel that the state of Malaysia should be one in which there are equal rights for every citizen but not rights based on gender, ethnicity or religion (Hussain). Opinions about Islam in Malaysia therefore vary in different places depending on the ethnic and religious composition of the population and also depending on the political party that has its stronghold in a particular region.Different political parties, even those that are Islamist have had contras ting secular and Islamist stands. Such parties as DAP and PAS are passing opposite in their view about Islamic law and practices where PAS takes a radical approach while DAP has a more secular approach. The struggle to attract the Muslim vote that is going on between UMNO and PAS has however only led to a society where Islam is now more and more being used directly to define the way of life of the Muslims and indirectly that of the non-Muslims (Lahoud 40-43).

Jonathon Livingston Seagull Essay

1. The fictional accommodate, Jonathon Livingston Seagull pen by Richard Bach, sold over a million copies during its debut in 1970 and stayed on The New York Times Top Ten list for 38 weeks in a row. The storey focuses on Jonathon the seagulls pettishness for flying and his belief that there is more to life than scavenging for food. Bach explores the judgement that there is more to this life than what meets the eye and the extreme satisfaction you absorb when doing something you argon capacious at and defend a passion for. 2. The position of this yarn takes place on some sea shore where thousands of seagulls live. The sea shore setting described in the book surely helps to paint a picture of what Jonathon and this business deal of seagulls experienced daily, It was morning, and the new sun sparkled favourable across the ripples of a gentle sea.(Bach pg 3)3. Jonathon Livingston Seagull is the protagonist in this story with his strong drive and persistence to be differen t from the flock and to be his own seagull. The antagonists in the story are the Elders of the flocks of seagulls because they are truly unopen mined leaders and they force Jonathon and other seagulls to be outcast from golf club and ban them to a life of isolation and desp pipeline. Chiang was an Elder Gull that taught Jonathon very specialized flying techniques and improved his skills and taught him things about life. When Jonathon was outcast from the gull connection everyone in the community persuasion that Jonathon was a reckless and irresponsible seagull, so when Jonathon finally returned to the community and everyone saw how amazing his flying skills were they changed their minds and many of them asked to be taught by Jonathon himself which was breaking the gull community law, This is an example of foil characters. His thought was triumph. Terminal velocity A seagull at two snow and fourteen miles per hours It was a breakthrough, the greatest single moment in the chron icle of the flock, and in that moment a new season opened for Jonathon Gull. (pg 16-17)4. The dapple of this story is a usageal plot type. The story ends with the last wrangling of his Jonathons appri projectr, Keep workings on eff. Through his teachings, Jonathan understands that the spirit cannot be really free without the ability to forgive, and that the way to progress leads for him, at least through becoming a teacher, not just through working hard as a student. So, if any seagull believes that it is free to do what it wants to, it becomes Jonathan the seagull, for whom, possibilities were endless. Every law is an illusion. Once we become conscious of this, our existence gets a new meaning. a. The biggest conflict was Jonathon going against the norm of the seagull community and at last getting expelled from the community for his irresponsible acts. For his reckless irresponsibility, Violating the dignity and tradition of the Gull family. (pg 24) b. The situation at the end where Jonathon returned to the breakfast seagull flock was significant because it demonstrated favor and compassion. These gulls hated Jonathon and wanted nothing to do with him and yet he still had the courage to forgive them and evening teach them how to fly like he does. You have to practice to get a line the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.(pg 89)5. -This book was definitely one of the more inspiring books that made me imagine out of the box that I have read in sort of some time. For example, I really liked one of the messages that implied that if you want to have a fulfilling happy meaningful life you need to stop quest the crowd and make your own path even if there are consequences. If you find something that you are good at and enjoy doing stick with it and reach it and watch how it will shape you life. -This story uplifted my spirits and motivate my behavior change in several ways. For example, Jonathon Livingston Se agull is a great example to me because not only does he go against the norm and guess to learn everything about his passion in life, he also learns forgiveness and compassion for the other seagulls of the community and wants to teach them how to live a marvelous life.I have noticed in my life that I am most happy when I have found something that I love to do and also when I am helping others find that kindred thing or serving them in some manner and I think Jonathon mastered this aspect of true charity. You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.(pg 89) 6. In conclusions the book had both strong and weak impart factors. The strong factors were that it had a very unique, interesting story line that unplowed the reader interested enough to keep reading. Bach also employ implied messages of inspiration and important values in this life which in my picture was very cool and had a strong plot.Some of the weak fact ors were that the book almost needed to be read straight through in one sitting to really get the message and make sense. It was not very challenging to read which could be good and bad. The setting was not very descriptive, it basically just took place either in the air or on the sea shore. I think the proper age group for this book would be late high school students and college students and even young adults. Richard Bach impacted me by creating a plot and story line that delivers a messages that anything is possible in life as farseeing as you want it enough and practice at it thus, I am now interested in making some changes in my life. working CitedBack, Richard. Jonathon Livingston Seagull. New York Scribner, 1970.

A Hotel Restaurant Practicum Report Essay

STRENGHTAs an intern i ob managed some strenghts at bottom Fernandina Hotel, counterbalance is that every the staffs are friendly and they will give you the best function they merchantman offer, i can also say that the location is mature because there are nearby malls and other business institutions located within the area. Sanitation and cleanliness is well manifestn in the hotel they are very inflexible when cleanliness is involved and they train their staffs to become aware of the health of their guests.WEAKNESSESThe one thing that can be a weakness of this hotel is that they lack manpower to accomodate their guests, for me this is a big deal as a weakness because this can head teacher to the downfall of the hotel.The guests will not appreciate the stay if the staffs that will serve them are minimal and cant give them the whole assist they want. entreeIn 1572, Spanish conqueror Juan de Salcedo founded Villa Fernandina in the Philippines and named it later Fernando, the firstborn boy of King Felipe II. The Seat of Nueva Segovia bishoporic and capital of the Ilocos Region, the romantic Fernandina boasted of stately Spanish homes where the aristocrats of former(a) savoured the simple yet elegant setting of a classic era.As a tribute to its namesake, the Fernandina 88 Suites at the heart of Araneta Business and obtain center is a masterful blend of contemporary and classical architecture. From the sharp exterior design of the building to the finest details of each unit, Fernandina 88 boasts of twain artistic flair and elegant style. Fernandina 88 suites is designed to suit the tastes of industrious young professionals and business traveller who appreciate the art of gracious living. This Fernandina 88 suites Owned and Operated by ALCAT Inc. 222 P. Tuazon Boulevard, AranetaCenterCubao Quezon City Philippines 1109. And we are affordable in 1, 2 and 3 bedrooms cases of suites.The mission vision of the company is all to the officers and staff of Fer nandina 88 suites hotel dedicate ourselves to provide peaceful harmoniousand secure accommodation to our node clients and guests characterized by quality suites. To this end our aim is to serve our guests in a manner that would exuberate an enthusiasm in service, and the name of the owner of this company is Mr.Joselito Alvarado. and in Fernandina 88 suites we have 3 functions namely 1572 reataurant& ballroom located at 12th floor, the vigan conference hall located at 6th floor, and executive director hall located at 2nd floor building.STATUS analytic thinkingORGANIZATIONAL CHARTSir Bench(Officer in Charge)Benjamin Adriatico 1. Raphael Araneta Antero Molave2. Jonas Robles Ramon Medina (Food Attendant)Ariel Cruz Ben (Steward) (Steward)Yes the employees do their certificate of indebtedness and responsibilities well inside the residualaurant, also all the employees in morning and iniquity charges are hard work and responsible.OPERATION SYSTEMS & PROCEDURESBreakfast sideboard star ts at 7AM-1030AM evermore serve a coffee and hot teaLast promise for the breakfast buffet at 930AMLunch buffet starts at 12-230PMAlways serve waterLast call for the breakfast buffet at 200PMAll of the employees and trainees are following the everyday procedures and rules and regulations of the hotel. And prove to the guest that we are ever so happy to serve them and always grimace even we are tired.FACILITIES & EQUIPMENTSoup Tureen- is a serving dish for foods such(prenominal) as soups or stews. Ramekin- used for the preparation and serving various food, dishes. Percolator- is a type of pot used to brew coffee by continually cycling the boiling or nearly boiling brew. Consomme- is a type of clear soup that many guest can use.Olstoria- (coffee espresso machine)Coffee Grinder- is the help of turning coffee beans into a beverage.All the uncommon equipments are working properly, for me its a big deal because if these equipments are gone or is not working properly it will not be sub dued to serve the guests or we cant give them the good service they want.MANPOWER SCHEDULINGAll of the AM shifts are starts from 7AM-3PM while the PM shifts are starts from 3PM-10PM that are the prepared scheduled of the restaurant.Yes its very efficient because In morning shift i can start from 7AM 3PM after that I have a lots of time to channel rest in house. While the night shift starts from 3PM-10PMWORK ATMOSPHEREFor me its yes we can endure and serve properly inside the restaurant because there is a big and wide space for the guests. And its not difficult to move inside the restaurant, it is design to accommodate many guests at once.USE OF temporal RESOURCESPurchase Order First we go to purchasing area to get some stocks and after that we need towrite from a piece of written report the item that they get.One for the am shift and one for the pm shift are assigned to do the inventory every day and all the stocks are enough every day. And so if ever we need to bargain for w e can just go to purchasing area to get what we need. sanitation PROCEDURES1. We always use solution for whipping the tables.2. We always do the low out after the guests are done with the dirty plates.3. We are always segrate all the utensils like spoon, fork, knife and teaspoon.4. Wear clean proper and crystalize attire when they are at work.5. Keep their finger nails short and clean.6. Do not wear accessories or jewelry ask they may fall behind into the food.7. Keep hair neat and tidy.CLEANING THE WORKING AREA1. dine Area2. Bar Area3. Buffet Area

Poverty and Homelessness in the United States

P in all oerty and Home littleness in the unify States Poverty in the States is a subject that though everybody recognizes is existent, most(prenominal) do not earnings attention to very often. In 2010 the poverty line for a family of 4 was $22,314. 00 and 15. 1% of the Statesns were backing pip of less than that (Tavernise, 2011). While 15. 1% is a high morsel to begin with, the truth is that some more than mass atomic figure of speech 18 living on the verge of statelessness. Countless families ar fall in up every night with children going to a friends house or an extended family members house to name wind that every unmatched has somewhere to sleep.These citizenry argon called the hidden categoryless by the Charlotte percipient (Whitesides, 2011). Even more commonwealth be either living in tent cities or in their cars all near the united States. The hithertots that precede to homelessness range from drug abuse to macrocosm laid off from a c beer be prac tice of a poor economy tho sadly the reason makes it seem as if everyone who is homeless is in their situation because of their own faults. galore(postnominal) people who be approached by someone who is homeless or sees them panhandling for cash hesitate to offer specie because of the discourse that all homeless people argon alcoholics and drug abusers.Unfortunately, the truth is that some adults panhandle on corners for bullion to pay for a cheap motel room so that their children john hand over a warm place to sleep for the night (Whitesides, 2011). by means of this essay, the progeny of homelessness and poverty in the States pull up stakes be explored by rationality some of the causes that drive home contri yeted to poverty by means of come to the fore history and how the homeless be coping with their situation. Hundreds of people all around the city of Seattle, Washington argon homeless or living in their cars. In Ballard alone, thither argon an estimated 150 p eople living in their cars (Thompson, 2011).A new program in January is to begin, opening up church parking piles in Ballard for up to five cars to travel by the night somewhere safe. All who want to elapse the night in the parking lots must apply and be screened which is a task that the state and city combined granted $30,000 towards (Thompson, 2011). So far, Redeemers Lutheran perform has stepped up to host the homeless in cars decided by a unanimous close in September (Thompson, 2011). While people all across the joined States are visibly poor, like those who are living in their cars, umteen others are suffering just as well with the stress of not erudite whether or not they ill involve a roof over their head at night. Many of these people are teenagers who either do not assimilate parents who asshole support them, are too doddery for foster care, have mental-health issues, or have been evicted from their homes (Whitesides, 2011). These teenagers are ones who go bound from friend to friend sleeping at their houses every night because they have no other place to go. The homeless problem is one that is suppuration worse and worse as the years go on. In 2010 46. 2 million people were living below the poverty line which is the highest number in the previous(prenominal) 52 years (Tavernise, 2011).Economists say that clientelelessness is the main cause of poverty in America (Tavernise, 2011). 48 million people surrounded by the ages of 18 and 64 did not work even one week of the whole year, which is up three million from 2009 (Tavernise, 2011). While maintaining a line of business and progressing through a company is hard enough with a college degree, regular male workers with no college degrees on average have made no progress (Tavernise, 2011). Of the 46. 2 million Americans living below the poverty line, 20. 5 million are surviving off of less than half of the $22,314. 0 poverty line. To save money, many Americans are cutting as many damage s as they can in their daily lives. One of these costs, unfortunately, is insurance. The number of uninsured Americans increased by 900,000 to 49. 9 million people (Tavernise, 2011). In Gaston County, North Carolina community meetings are held focused on finding commissions to answer those who are having a hard time financially. At these meetings suggestions are made such as, donating houses to be used by families, graceful a foster parent, and if in the position to, force jobs in the community.While reading or so homelessness through the media, one must be sure to realize that even the articles written include discourses and also that they omit details in tell apart to keep the attention of the readers. In Seattle the program that is to allow people living in cars to spend the night in church parking lots seems like a great idea that will help out dozens of people. Something to consider though, is the fact that many people are not willing to open up a safe haven, such as a c hurch, to potentially dangerous.Even though many people try to go through their days without judging people, it is inevitable to have discourses towards people. In America people grow up hearing stories about how if you give a homeless person money that he or she will most likely use it on beer or drugs. These discourses need to be eliminated in order for the countrys problem to be solved. The United States is cognize as a country full of opportunities, a place where anyone can succeed but behind that visage is a universe that is becoming worse and worse as time goes on.While people go passim their days pretending that everyone lives a comfortable life in a warm home, the truth is that at any given moment there are thousands of Americans who are homeless. Problems that have been existent since the beginning of the United States have contributed to this ever-growing problem that is prominent now. Through a political sparing digest of the history of the United States, homelessnes s will be an explored and better understood reality that all Americans witness. Prior to cosmos War II, the United States was going through the Great Depression in which the economy crashed leaving millions without jobs.The start of World War II created many jobs and brought the country out of the depression. Later, the Vietnam War and the refrigerated War took a toll on the United States economy. Because the United States had to spend so much money on these wars, the country printed more money than they had gold to back it up. To solve the issue, President Richard Nixon removed the United States off of the gold standard, dropping the value of the US dollar. The effects of Nixons decision were increases of oil prices by 400% by Organization of Petroleum merchandise Countries and stagflation.During IDL 3, the United States increased interest rates to counter inflation which caused ingrained debt in developing nations. While taking the United States economy was up from the removal of the gold standard, there was still a problem of scattering of wealthiness within the country. Since the 1920s the top 1% of wealth holders in the United States held 30% of the number kinsperson sector wealth, leaving the stern 99% with only 70% (Keister & Moller, 2000). Through the years the division of wealth dispersion only grew spaciousr.In 1989 the top 1% held 38. 9% of the total household wealth. The division between the top 1% of wealth holders in the United States and everyone else is so drastic that although the gross domestic product per capita in 2010 was $47,184 it does not accurately stage the mass majority of individuals who live with far less money than that in 2010 (GDP per capita (current US$), 2010). When separated into five sections, the top quintile consists of about 85% of the total wealth and 50% of the total family income of the country (Keister & Moller, 2000).Another contributor to homelessness in the United States, along with uneven distribution of wealth, is the outsourcing of American Jobs afield. Between 2000 and 2004 more than 2. 5 million American jobs were disoriented due to outsourcing jobs to India (Chithelen, 2004). No longer are only blue-collar, manual labor jobs being shipped off to other countries, but also white-collar and professional jobs. This movement of jobs has left many Americans slothful and without many options. These groups of people, who may have once been part of the top 1% of the country, are now in the bottom with no source of income.The incorporated melodic phrasees outsourcing are doing so because they know that in countries such as India workers can be found for much cheaper than those in the United States. Cutting losses and raising profit are the benefits that top executives look towards as they will use the saved money as outsizer bonuses for themselves (Chithelen, 2004). The jobs that international employees are taking from Americans are in the IT field and many workers, especially from India, are finding themselves having to move back home because the jobs they have are being outsourced for cheaper labor (Chithelen, 2004).It is estimated that by 2014 approximately 3. 3 million American business service jobs will be outsourced. The result of outsourcing and the uneven wealth distribution are that many people are left without jobs and no way to pay for a home. In 1988 68,0000 children were homeless and 186,000 children were living at a friends or extended relatives home (Lewit & Baker, 1996). While those numbers are high, there is no doubt that 23 years later those numbers will be much higher. These economic factors and homelessness have much to do with inequality.Because the distribution of wealth is so great, it makes it exceedingly difficult for people on the bottom who are poor to get anywhere successful. People with money have power and the top executives of the macro corporations have the power to take the jobs away from hard-working Americans to save a mate of dollars, which in the end will re maturate to the executives, by outsourcing to countries overseas. Because the United States is a Global North county that is part of the OECD, it often times takes responsibility over Global South countries that do not have as many resources as opportunities.The United States has many large corporations that have the ability to create jobs overseas like how they are when they outsource jobs to places like India. Though it is change state the situation in America, many of opportunities have opened up for people in Global South countries. Media often times discusses homelessness in America through a sympathetic viewpoint. In the articles used for this paper, a majority of the blame for people being homeless is pointed towards the poor job foodstuff rather than the laziness of the people stuck in the situation.Poverty in America is a problem that is not just one on the national level, but also locally. Cities such as Seattle have hundreds o f homeless citizens who get walked past every day without anybody noticing. In todays society eyesight homeless people on the sidewalks and under underpasses is the sadly the norm. Those living in poverty and who are homeless get tagged with the discourse by many people that they are in their situation because of their own faults that they are alcohol or drug abusers, are poor workers, or are lazy members of society who want to bum off everyone else who works for a living.The truth is, as showed through this paper, that many of those who are homeless are in their situation because they have lost their job to a wide array of reasons or because they were never able to find a job in the first place. As displayed through the political economic analysis, many jobs in the United States have been and will continue to be lost to workers in overseas countries such as India. In these other countries, large corporations are able to find workers for just a fraction of the cost of workers in Am erica. To go along with the outsourcing of jobs, the distribution of wealth in the United States is highly uneven.With the top 1% of wealth holders in the United States held 30% of the total household sector wealth the middle and lower-class citizens have very little power. The top 1% just so turn over to be the people who have say in how large corporations are going to run and whether or not they want cheap, unethical, sweatshop labor overseas. The add together of poverty and homelessness that is existent in the United States is both overwhelming and extremely disappointing. Many families who thought of themselves as well-off very quickly had their lives flipped around during the past few years as the economy took a turn for the worst.Because of the poor economy, many employers look for ways to cut costs and one of their solutions is to fire employees. In 2004 more than 2. 5 million jobs were sent overseas and taken from American workers. The sudden loss of work has left more Ame ricans in poverty than there have been in 52 years. Through the analysis of this issue, hopefully the issue of homelessness will be one that is less ignored on a daily basis. Hopefully in the future years more people will step up to help in the same way that Redeemers Lutheran Church has chosen to open their parking lot to those who live in their cars.Bibliography GDP per capita (current US$). (2010). Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from The World Bank http//data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY. GDP. PCAP. CD Chithelen, I. (2004). Outsourcing to India Causes, response and Prospects. Economic and Political Weekly, 1022-1024. Keister, L. A. , & Moller, S. (2000). Wealth Inequality in the United States. annual Review of Sociology, 63-81. Lewit, E. M. , & Baker, L. S. (1996). Homeless Families and Children. The Future of Children, 146-158. Tavernise, S. (2011, 09 13). 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