German Television in North America

German Fernsehen in the U.S. - a Brief History NEW! The German Kino Plus movie channel is now a part of the DISH German Package! Before we look at the current German-language TV programming via Dish Network, lets review its somewhat turbulent history... The history of German television in the U.S. has been a bumpy road. In the good ol days you needed to be living east of the Mississippi and have a huge satellite TV dish in order to receive any German-language TV in the U.S. at all. But then came the digital satellite TV revolution, and I wrote about the debut of privately-owned ChannelD (D for Deutschland) in September 2001. Not long after that the German public television networks ARD, ZDF, and Deutsche Welle began beaming their GERMAN TV service to viewers in North and South America, also via satellite. Their slogan: Watch what Germany watches! (Sehen, was Deutschland sieht!) Each sat TV service charged a modest monthly subscription fee and required the purchase or rental of a dish and digital receiver. Although the two German television broadcasters used two different satellites and two different digital TV systems, it was an embarassment of riches for German-hungry TV viewers in America. But it wasnt long before dark shadows began to loom over the German TV landscape in the U.S. About a year after its debut Bremen-based ChannelD went bankrupt and closed down in late 2002. GERMAN TV was more successful, but it was also having trouble getting enough subscribers, and its efforts to get onto major cable TV systems across the U.S. were spotty at best. But GERMAN TVs programming was pretty good. Even if we really couldnt watch anything close to what Germany was really watching, we did get the genuine nightly news from ARD and ZDF, plus some popular German TV series, some movies, and other entertainment programming. Then, in early 2005, came an important breakthrough. GERMAN TV moved to the Dish Network. Now average people who didnt want a separate dish and receiver just for German could simply add GERMAN TV to their Dish subscription. True, you needed a larger SuperDish antenna, but compared to the pre-Dish situation, it was a major improvement. And it got even better when the German private TV broadcaster ProSiebenSat.1 Welt was added to Dishs German package in February 2005. For about $20 a month you could get both German channels. (Recently, Dish added a third German channel: EuroNews. The current package fee is $16.99/month or $186.89 annually. Separately: $14.99 for ProSieben, $9.99 for DW-TV. Prices subject to change.) But all good things must come to an end. On December 31, 2005 came the Garaus (end) for GERMAN TV. The German government was no longer willing to subsidize the ARD/ZDF/DW service. At the start of 2006 GERMAN TV was replaced with the much more modest offerings of DW-TV. The Deutsche Welle TV service broadcasts mostly news and cultural programming on the old GERMAN TV channel, alternating each hour between German and English. (More below.) The current situation can be summed up this way: DW-TV provides mostly news, and is also good for people in your home who do not understand German. There is some soccer, but mostly highlights and summaries. The new ARD/ZDF talk shows (as of May 2007) are a great improvement. ProSiebenSat.1 Welt is primarily entertainment and sports. It offers movies in German, detective series, comedy, quiz shows, etc. The news (from N24) is limited. Soccer fans will also enjoy Pro7. The new EuroNews channel is what the name says: European news in several languages, including German. (But read about the EuroNews catch on the next page.) A SuperDish antenna (an oval dish larger than the standard round dish) is required for reception of the German and other foreign-language channels. On the next page youll find a more detailed overview of the three channels in the Dish Network German Package. NEXT Programming Comparisons Programming Comparisons DW-TVThe former GERMAN TV channel on Dish Network is now the DW-TV channel. Although Deutsche Welle broadcasts worldwide in many languages (radio and TV), the version in the USA is in German and English only. Unlike GERMAN TV, which had all its programming in German, DW-TV alternates between English and German. For one hour the news and other broadcasts are in German. In the next hour the programming is in English, and so on. DW-TV focuses primarily on news, weather, and cultural information. The news broadcast Journal provides the news sports, and weather from Berlin, alternately in German and English. The news (worldwide and from Germany/Europe) is primarily aimed at viewers outside of Germany, unlike the nightly news from ARD or ZDF. Non-news shows pop up occasionally, including euromaxx (fashion, art, cinema, music, other trends), Pop Export (music made in Germany), and a few others. Earlier DW-TV hinted at possibly providing some ARD or ZDF (German public TV networks) entertainm ent programs in the future, and in May 2007 they did indeed add several German talk shows from ARD and ZDF. WEB DW-TV - USA ProSiebenSat.1 Welt (Pro7)Pro7 began broadcasting its U.S. programming in February 2005. The German commercial television network ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG was part of the Kirch Media empire until Leo Kirch went bankrupt in 2002. The network was put up for sale, but as of early 2006, the final fate of Pro7 and all its divisions was still up in the air. For American viewers the ProSiebenSat.1 Welt channel is part of Dish Networks German package. Its programming is a mix of shows from Germanys Pro7, kabel eins, N24, and Sat.1 channels. Although it can be purchased separately, the Pro7 channel makes a good complement to news-oriented DW-TV by offering viewers more entertainment and sports. All-German Pro7 has a schedule that includes talk shows, detective series, comedy shows, movies, soap operas, and quiz shows. Pro7 also features some documentary/exposà © reporting and N24 news, but its emphasis is on entertainment programing that can range from inane low-brow to quality high-brow leve ls. Although it would be interesting for American viewers, the German versions of The Simpsons, Will Grace or Desperate Housewives seen in Germany are not available on the U.S. Pro7 channel. ProSieben has plans to also be available in Canada. WEB ProSiebenSat.1 Welt NEW! As of May 2007 the German Kino Plus movie channel is now a part of the DISH German Package! More... EuroNewsIn December 2006 Dish Network added the EuroNews network to its German channel line-up. EuroNews in German is now available as part of the German package (and some other language packages). However, there is a catch to getting this new channel. Although I have a SuperDish and currently receive the German-language package, a Dish representative told me that I would need a new satellite dish in order to receive the EuroNews channel, even though it is part of the package I already have! Because the EuroNews channels come from a different satellite, I would have to pay $99.00 to install a new dish in order to receive EuroNews in German. This is not at all clear from their Web site, and I think its ridiculous for Dish to supposedly add a channel to my package that I cant get without shelling out almost a hundred dollars. If youre lucky enough to live in the right spot with a dish pointed to the right satellite, you may be able to get EuroNews in German without major extra cost. WEB EuroNewsWEB Dish Network German Package

Cure for Blindness - Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man was a crucial literary tool in raising awareness of and forwarding the equal rights movement for African Americans when it reached readers of all races in the 1950s. The Cultural Contexts for Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man claims that the novel envisions nothing less than undoing African Americans cultural dispossession. Ellisons words are indeed an eloquent unraveling of social stereotypes and racisms. He employs allegorical conceptions of blindness and invisibility to dissect culturally ingrained prejudices and ignorance towards African Americans. Ellison also uses IMs settings and characters to reflect America and its stereotypes in order to achieve this goal. Throughout the novel there are†¦show more content†¦The white men attending the fight are also in a sense blinded by their perceptions of black people. The boys in the ring are reduced to bloodthirsty animals fighting for survival. This horrific, yet powerful depiction begs the reader to acknowledge such blinding prejudices that remain prevalent in American society. Later in the book, the narrator begins to remove this symbolic blindfold. As Ellison is calling for his audience to see clearly, the narrator addresses the dilemma at a Brotherhood rally: They think were blind--un-commonly blind. And I dont wonder. Think about it, theyve dispossessed us each of one eye from the day were born. So now we can only see in straight white lines. Were a nation of one-eyed mice-- Did you ever see such a sight in your life? Such an un-common sight! (Ellison, pp. 343) His speech attempts to enlighten those in attendance as well as the reader to the dispossession of black Americans. The complexity of this issue arises when the narrator finds himself blinded by the spotlight and ironically unable to clearly see his listeners. Without possessing sight of his own it would be impossible to lead others out of the darkness. Ellison seeks unity, however the truths of oppression must first be willingly seen and understood by all. The dispossession of one good eye is also further exemplified in the character of Brother Jack, who as a leader of the Brotherhood represents them

Accounting Standard Conceptual Framework

Question: Discuss about the case study Accounting Standard for Conceptual Framework. Answer: Introduction Conceptual framework is used by Australian Accounting Standard Board to develop and evaluate accounting standard. Australian accounting standards are applicable to all the entities that are required to prepare financial reports under Corporations Act 2001. Many Australian accounting standard requirements are specific in nature that is they are applicable only to few specific Australian entities. Such requirement may require additional disclosure or may require reporting on regulatoryor other issues. Many entities in Australia are required to follow Australian accounting standard in preparing their financial statement as per Corporation Act 2001. Compliance with the conceptual framework and AASB standards in financial reporting AGL Energy Limited Conceptual framework deals with essential financial reporting issues like objective of financial statement, the users of the financial statement, the things that enhance the use of the financial statements. It also set out the rules and concept to recognize and measure these basics in the financial reporting. (AGL, 2015) It can be clearly seen in the annual report of AGL Energy that all the Australian Accounting Standards have been adhered to while preparing the financial statement and also the company has complied with the conceptual framework. It is the primary responsibility of the management of the company to comply with Australian accounting standard while preparing the financial statement of the company. This has been clearly complied with as it can be seen in the annual report, in the directors declaration. The directors are responsible for preparation of Concise Financial Reports in accordance with Accounting Standard AASB 1039 Concise Financial Reports and Corporation Act 2001 and for such internal control as may be deem fit for adherence to the standard. As per the declaration made by the director of the company , Jeremy Maycock, the companys financial statements and the notes thereto have been prepared in compliance with Accounting standard AASB 1039 Concise Financial Reports( see Figure 1 ). The annual report has also mentioned the same in its notes to concise Financial statement in its note 1 mentioning on that have prepared its consice financial statement on the basis of the accounting standard ( see Figure 2) Figure 1 Figure 2 As per AAS 8 Operating Segment, the companies are required to report all the information of its segment in a similar manner in which it uses it for internal purpose for reviewing its segment performance. As per the standard any change in the segment are required to be reported in the annual report. The company has complied with the standard. The company has reported the change in the form of segment restatement as AAS8 (See Figure 3) Figure 3 As per Australian Accounting Standard AASB 139 Financial instruments-Recognition and Measurement, derivatives are to be reported at fair value in the financial statements. Changes in the fair value of the derivative in between the reporting period are to be recognized as an adjustment to hedge reserve in the equity if they are effective hedges. Changes in the fair value of derivative in between two reporting period are to be adjusted to the profit and loss account if such changes are recognized as ineffective hedge. The standard further clarifies that the derivative will be regarded as an effective hedge if the change in the fair value of the item hedged and change in the fair value of the derivative considerably counterbalance each other. Other derivatives will be regarded as ineffective hedge. The company uses derivative largely to manage the risk involved in the price of electricity and risk involved in fluctuation of foreign exchange and interest rates. Thus the company consider the transactions as hedging in nature and speculative in nature. As per AGL Energy its most of the derivatives are ineffective hedges as per the definition provided by the standard AASB 139. Hence the company has recognised the profit of $237 million per tax and $166 million post tax inits profit and loss account.(AGL,2015)The company had similar profit of $40 million pre-tax and $28 million post tax in its profit and loss account in previous financial year. The company has also reconciled the financial position movement in derivative balance and shown it in the annual report thereby complying with the standard requirement. (See figure 4). Figure 4 The company has also further made statutory disclosure of showing AGLs annual performance of past five years have been shown in the report which is required by the standard. Also for adoption of revised AASB 119 Employee Benefit financial year 2013 figures have been restated. (Julia Irvine, 2015). The company has prepared its financial statement as per the laid down standards are also verified by the auditors of the company. The company auditor has acknowledged the same in its auditors report. However, as per AASB 1039 the company is required to mention and disclose everything in its concise financial report too. The company has failed to comply with that part of the standard which is reflected in its auditors report. ( see figure 5) Figure 5 Origin Energy Limited The company has too complied with all the Australian Accounting Standards while preparing the financial statements. The company has made all the necessary disclosure as are required by the Australian accounting standard to be made in its annual report. The company has specifically mentioned in its annual report the financial statement have been prepared as per Corporations Act 2001and other authoritative pronouncement by Australian accounting standard board and International Financial reporting standards. It has further also adopted all new and amended Accounting Standards and the interpretations as issued by AASB from time to time. Further the company has disclosed in its notes to financial statement that where the company is of the opinion that the new standard or the amended standard has no significant impact on the group then the same has not been followed( See figure 6). The company has also incorporated AASB 101 Presentation of financial Statements in its report stating that the financial statement of its consolidated entities also complies with the International Financial Reporting Standard. Origin Energy has made a point to mention the fact in its remuneration report that the remuneration and the related party disclosure have been prepared in accordance with Corporations Act 2001 and in compliance with AASB124 Related party disclosure. Moreover, the director has declared that financial statement has been prepared based on the conceptual framework and per the directions and regulations of Australian Accounting Standard Board in its annual report.(Julia Irvine, 2013) Figure 6 Thus Origin Limited has adhered to the Australian accounting standard while reporting its financial statement in its annual report and has also complied with the new or amended standards where such standard has significant impact on its financial statement. Comparison Between the disclosures in annual report by AGL energy and Origin Energy AGL Energy and Origin Energy, both the company has got unmodified opinion from its respective auditors. Though the company belong to same industry there annual report and their style of preparing the financial statement vary significantly. Origin limited has made sure to mention the compliance of Australian Accounting Standard in quite a few places where AGL Energy has failed to do so. (Australian Government, n.d.)However, there were few instances where the annual report of AGL Energy appeared to be more descriptive as compared to its competitors annual report. AGL Energy has complied with AASB 1039 Concise Financial Reports. It has also made notes to Concise Financial Statement in its financial report. The same is not present in the annual report of Origin energy. Neither any disclosure has been made for non-compliance of the same in its notes to financial statement. AGL energy does not mention compliance of AASB 124 Related party disclosure in its Remuneration report. It does not provide a note that the remuneration and all the related party transaction have been made in compliance with Australian accounting standard board 124. (Spiffy D, 2011)Whereas Origin Energy has made a point to mention the same in its notes to remuneration report. Origin Energy has mentioned in its annual report that it has also considered new standards and amended standards while preparing the financial statement of the company. It has further mentioned that where the new standard or the amended standard has no significant impact on the group profit, according to the directors, then the same have been ignored and mere disclosure of the such departure from the standards have been made in the annual reports. For example, AASB 9 Financial Instrument proposes to make a change in classification and measurement of financial instrument and AASB 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers have introduced this important principle where the entity recognise revenue to show the transfer of intended goods to be transferred in an amount that will reflect the consideration that the company is expects to be received in exchange of the goods or services. (AASB Framework, 2013)Apart from these two standards the company is assessing the other amended or new standards and assessing the impact of such standards. Having read that, one will absolutely find the absence of the same in the annual report of AGL Energy. AGL Energy has fa iled to disclose that it has complied with the new or amended Australian accounting standards. Origin Energy Limited has further specified about compliance with AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statement. It has mentioned that the financial statements of its consolidated entities have been prepared in accordance with the international financial reporting standard. AGL Energy, despite of having many consolidated entities has failed to specify about the compliance of AASB 101in its financial statement. Origin Energy Limited has mentioned about compliance of international financial reporting standards in quite a few places. For instance, about its non-IFRS measures.(Julia Irvine, 2013)AGL Energy has not mentioned at all about its non-IFRS measures. Neither the company has mentioned in its financial statements that it has complied with international financial reporting standards while preparing its annual report. The AGL Energy Company has also not made full disclosure in its concise financial reporting. The Concise Financial Reporting calls for full disclosure of the facts but the company has not fully complied with the standard and hence the same has been mentioned in the auditors report suggesting that reading the concise financial report cannot be substituted with reading the full audited financial reports as the investors or the shareholders can miss out on important disclosures that the company has not otherwise made in its concise financial reports.(Graham Holt, 2016) Inclusion of Prudence in Conceptual Framework Prudence appears to be a very simple word with dictionary meanings like careful, wise, cautious, well-judged, circumspect etc. In financial reporting prudence is important as the users of the financial statement expect that the management is careful while arriving at the figures that are presented in the annual accounts. Also management is expected to apply its judgement wisely because many figures reflected in the financial statement are based on certain estimation. But if the same word is included in the definition of conceptual framework then it becomes equally complex to interpret in a correct manner. Prudence is nothing but to make caution judgement about losses in the event of uncertainty, as per IASB. In the absence of this word, wrong-doers are taking advantage of the opportunity. (AASB Framework, 2013) Where ever making judgement is required management see this as a chance to overstate the performance of the company to avoid the negative consequences or to understate the performance which will provide them with the reserve to run the company smoothly in future. Investors using such financial statement for investing their hard earned money often land up making wrong investment and end up miss-allocating their funds.(Spiffy D, 2011) The concept of prudence will help to align the interest of shareholders with that of the mangers. The concept of prudence can help to balance the optimistic bias of the companies. If the prudence is included in the definition of conceptual framework then it would help to achieve neutrality in application of accounts. (Sally Ngeno, n.d.) Conclusion The company should prepare its financial statement complying the conceptual framework and accounting standard laid by AASB keeping in mind the concept of prudence. It is reflected from the above analysis that the Company has complied with the all the requirements of the standard.The compliance of standard is providing fair presentation of the companies accounts and operation. The company should maintain the same level of compliance in future as well. The policies and standards of the company are also in compliance with AASB and IASB. Also the financial statements of the company have been prepared in compliance of corporation act, 2001. References Financial Times,n.d.,Definition of Conceptual Framework,[online], Available at https://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=conceptual-framework, [accessed on 2-08-2016] AGL, 2015, Annual Report,[online], Available at https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/AGL/About-AGL/Documents/Investor-Centre/150826_AnnualReport_1466512.pdf?la=en, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Origin Energy, 2015,Annual Report,[online], Available at https://www.originenergy.com.au/content/dam/origin/about/investors-media/docs/annual-report-2015.pdf, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Graham Holt,2016,Bringing clarity to the conceptual framework,[online], Available at https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/discover/cpd-articles/corporate-reporting/holt-jan16.html, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Rachel Knubley,2014,Staff Paper,[online], Available at https://www.ifrs.org/Meetings/MeetingDocs/IASB/2014/May/AP10I-Conceptual%20Framework.pdf, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Alfred Wagenhofer,2015,The never ending story of Prudence,[online], Available at https://www.ifac.org/global-knowledge-gateway/business-reporting/discussion/never-ending-story-prudence-and-ifrs, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Julia Irvine,2013,ISAB lacking is prudence,[online], Available at https://economia.icaew.com/news/july2013/iasb-lacking-in-prudence, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Julia Irvine,2015,ISAB reintroduces the concept of prudence,[online], Available at https://economia.icaew.com/news/may-2015/prudence-returns, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Spiffy D,2011,The Prudence concept in financial accounting,[online], Available at https://hubpages.com/business/The-prudence-concept-in-financial-accounting, [accessed on 2-08-2016] AASB Framework,2013,Amendment to Australian conceptual framework,[online], Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB_CF_2013-1_12-13.pdf, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Australian Government,n.d.,Conceptual framework,[online], Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Conceptual-framework.aspx, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Discussion Paper,2014,A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting,[online], Available at https://www.ifrs.org/current-projects/iasb-projects/conceptual-framework/discussion-paper-july-2013/documents/discussion-paper-conceptual-framework-july-2013.pdf, [accessed on 2-08-2016] FRC,n.d.,Conceptual Framework,[online], Available at https://www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Corporate-Governance-Reporting/Accounting-and-Reporting-Policy/Research/IASB-Conceptual-Framework.aspx, [accessed on 2-08-2016] Sally Ngeno,n.d.,Evaluation of Conceptual Framework of Accounting, [online], Available at https://www.academia.edu/5992232/evaluation_of_conceptual_frameworks_of_accounting, [accessed on 2-08-2016]

Robert Maxwell Essays - Robert Maxwell, United Kingdom, Maxwell

Robert Maxwell INTRODUCTION Robert Maxwell, the infamous tycoon who is remembered as much for his personality and ethics in his business dealings as he is for his accomplishments. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Soldier, publisher and patriot, a man who spoke 9 languages; in 1923 Robert Maxwell was born in Czechoslovakia. He was and is a mystery in many respects. Even his birth name is questionable.. Maxwell had many reasons to rebel against the norms of the world. One of these was the Holocaust. Although Maxwell personally escaped the horrors of the Holocaust, he lost his parents and four brothers and sisters to the Nazis. He fought with the British against the Nazis and was awarded a British Military Cross for his wartime accomplishments. After the war Maxwell had seven children with his French-born wife Elizabeth. He would soon begin work on his business empire as well. He was a very strong person who knew what he wanted. Robert Maxwell was used to keep a high image even during bad times, he depended on bankers and high society people to keep high credibility. This man was used to having whatever he wanted wherever he was overall he led an extremely luxurious lifestyle. BUSINESS DIVERSIONS Between his death in 1991 and the end of World War II Robert Maxwell was able to build one of the largest publishing and communications empires in the world. He accumulated approximately two billion dollars worth of family assets and was the fifth or sixth biggest media group in the world. His companies included the Mirror group of newspapers, Maxwell Communications, Nimbus Records, P.F. Collier, Official Airline Guide, Prentice Hall Information Services, Macmillan publishing, the Berlitz language schools, and Pergamon Press, a technical publishing company. The road to success was not straight up for Maxwell. He experienced numerous financial ups and downs over the forty years following Word War II. Pergamon Press, one of his first acquisitions had to be sold in the 1960s but Maxwell eventually bought it again and was forced to resell the company during the 1980s. Publishing was not Maxwells only pursuit. His companies also included numerous television industry interests fifty percent ownership of MTV in Europe, twenty percent of Central TV, twelve percent of the French TFI station and Maxwell Cable TV. Most of these holdings are through Maxwell Entertainment Company, which also was a major provider of European television programming. Maxwells business interests also included online pursuits such as the Official Airlines Guides, a front-runner in online flight information and reservations. Only two years before his death Maxwells finances were going down by 1990 he was running out of cash he was secretly buying his own shares so that they maintained high prices. Maxwell concealed his financial problems by secretly selling other peoples shares that were deposited with Maxwells recently established bank. He and his closest son Cavan used these shares to raise loans. These secretly sold shares in FIRST TOKIO TRUST investment fund were worth ?57 million. The funds directors discovered that shares were missing and investigations took place at this stage. He was desperate to repay his debts his next target were pension funds he offered in one of the companys. With this company he was using advertising, encouraging customers to stay and in return he was making promises. Among the pension funds; shares plumed by Robert Maxwell, certificates of 25 Million shares clearly owed by the mirror pension fund, bankers Goldman Sachs sold them on Maxwells instruction. But proceeds were not handed over to the pension funds instead it was paid from the banker straight to Maxwell. He was smart he always chose companies or individuals he thought he could manage. Hence, after a major disagreement with his personal assistant that left him, Maxwell was going through depression because he felt lost and knew that she had all sorts of important information. Pressure accumulated and he didnt know whom to speak too. His next attempt was when he went and bought the US Daily News, and was extremely popular in the US while ignoring the empire back home. Meanwhile, directors of FIRST TOKIO remained quiet about his business affairs because they knew they were in fault and reputation was concerned. Maxwell was still stealing millions from wherever he could

How does director Luhrman Engage the Modern Audience in his Film Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How does director Luhrman Engage the Modern Audience in his Film Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? Essay Luhrman excels himself in his modern film version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. He captivates the modern audience using camera, music and sound effects, editing, colour and lighting, characterisation, costume and props as his tools. Using these techniques he captures the audiences attention and really brings through the brilliance of Shakespeares play to the modern world using his skill as a director. He aims mainly at a teenage audience although the film can appeal to everyone. Luhrman uses camera effects to great success. The camera tracks/pans from face to face very quickly as the fight begins. This shows the rush of emotions going on. He uses this to emphasize that the fight will be very fast. It also gives you a close up shot of their facial expressions in short shots. This gives the fight a longer period of time to engage the audience in whats happening and it involves the audience with the characters. They know what theyre thinking and feeling and can see their reactions to the fight easily. Also the quick movement of the camera builds up tension, you can almost feel the adrenaline rising in Mercutio and Tybalt and at some point it has to explode. We will write a custom essay sample on How does director Luhrman Engage the Modern Audience in his Film Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does director Luhrman Engage the Modern Audience in his Film Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does director Luhrman Engage the Modern Audience in his Film Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Romeo kills Tybalt there is a long, angle shot of Romeo looking up at a religious statue. The statue makes Romeo look tiny emphasizing how he feels at that present moment in time. The rain falling creates a depressing atmosphere. It is as though the statue is looking down on Romeo, and therefore as though God is looking down on him, showing that he has just done a terrible thing. You can see the mix of shock, grief and guilt on his face in another long shot of Romeo. Luhrman uses an extreme close up on Romeos face to show the fear and regret he feels for what he has just done. This also brings the audience closer to the character; they feel sorry for him. In the build up to the fight the hand -held camera effect helps to bring the audience in to the fight. Its as though you are there amongst the action. It also helps you feel the emotions going on in the film. The high tension and adrenaline rush. After Romeo kills Tybalt there is 45 seconds of complete silence. This shows the complete shock Romeo is feeling. It also shows the seriousness of the situation. People automatically associate silence with seriousness. During the fight between Tybalt and Romeo there is a huge emphasis on the gunshot and the dropping of the gun. Luhrman uses sound effects to echo the sound of the gunshot and it is also played in slow motion so the audience focuses on it even more. When Romeo drops the gun there is a long clear camera shot of it. There is some kind of religious symbol on the gun. Once again there are implications of God, which relates to one of the Ten Commandments, though shalt not kill. These religious motifs are continued throughout the whole film. It is a clever way of relating this modern film version back to the original play. During the period when the play was written there was a lot of focus on religion, if you didnt attend church regularly then you were sure to go the hell and were unrespectable and unwanted. For Romeo to kill Tybalt was a huge deal. He disgraced his family and himself. Before Romeo kills Tybalt, Tybalt kills Mercutio. The high number of deaths in this scene makes it highly dramatic. Mercutio wears a white shirt, which shows his innocence and neutrality. Also the white shirt is of use to show his wound when Tybalt kills him. You can clearly see the blood on his shirt, which adds to the drama of the scene. He only fights because Romeo refuses to and because he is a friend of the Montague family he sees it as his duty to stand up for them. Just before Mercutio dies he shouts A plague o both your houses. It echoes all around the beach to emphasize the effect of his words. He blames his death on the feud between the two families. He curses their families. Ignoring the fact that he stepped into the fight of his own accord. When the fight started the beach was full of people and the weather was warm, bright and sunny, to reflect the lighthearted mood the Montagues were in as the fight started. Also as Romeo enters, there is soft mellow music playing, to suggest that he wants to make peace, not fight. At Tybalts entrance a cool, dramatic type of music is played to sugge st he has a score to settle with Romeo. Each character has themed music to reflect their personality and mood. It also shows the difference between the families and their hate for each other. Now the crowds have cleared and the beach is deserted apart from the feuding Montagues and Capulets and a storm is approaching in the background. As Mercutio dies the storm begins to break, it is as if the storm reflects Romeos mood. It symbolizes all the grief and anger he feels at Mercutios death. At Mercutios death there is a loud bang of thunder followed by very heavy, intense music to show that a tragedy has just taken place. There is a lot of emphasis on car engines too, the mix of sounds and the fast paced camera shots point out how frantic and confused everything is, as Romeo sets of to pursue Tybalt and avenge Mercutio. The car chase scene is extremely fast paced and very loud to emphasize the whirl of emotions going on in Romeos and Tybalts heads. Everything is emphasized showing that Romeos senses are on high and alert due to the adrenaline rush he received from his anger at Mercutios death. Luhrman is trying to show the audience that Romeo has let his emotions take over, hes not in control anymore. After Mercutio dies there is a cut to a shot of Juliet looking love struck over Romeo, it then cuts to a shot of Romeo in the car looking maddened by grief. And then after Romeo kills Tybalt it cuts to Juliet again, she is looking over her shoulder, it is as if she felt what just happened to her cousin Tybalt. This editing shows that Tybalts death is the turning point in the play. And as it cuts back to Romeo, both he and the audience realises that what he has done will curse his marriage further and lead to banishment. At the beginning of the scene you see the Montagues on the beach, all wearing brightly coloured modern clothing, like Hawaiian shirts etc. This reflects the happy mood at the beginning. The Montague boys all wear their shirts unbuttoned to show theyre laid back attitude whereas the Capulets are dressed quite formally. Then the Capulets arrive all dressed in black to seem intimidating. Their clothes represent their anger and hate for the Montagues. As the scene moves along and the mood becomes darker so does the lighting and colours. The clouds move across the sky and cast a shadow on the Montagues and Capulets as if to imply a plague moving over the houses of Montague and Capulet. At the end of the scene when the prince announces Romeos banishment everyone but lady Capulet is dressed in dark colours. She says Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not live. She is obviously very angry at the death of her kinsman and she is dressed in bright red, perhaps to reflect her anger at Tybalts death. During the fight scene between Romeo and Tybalt, the costumes worn make a huge difference in the film. Tybalt is wearing a black shirt, which makes his injuries much less obvious, and so it makes the audience sympathise with Romeo, as his wounds are much clearer. As well as modern colouring there is also modern movement and gestures. For example as Mercutio makes a joke out of the word blow he lifts his shirt and shakes his bum at Tybalt in as a taunt. The Montague boys act as typical teenagers, play fighting with each other and not taking life to seriously. In another scene you see them playing pool, like typical teenagers would. This allows a teenage audience to relate to the characters and empathise with them, whereas they would find it slightly harder to relate to the more adult Capulets. When it cuts to the scene in Juliets room there is a romantic, peaceful feeling. She is surrounded by candles and religious figurines, a shocking contrast compared to the previous scene, where Mercutio was just murdered. This grabs the audiences attention, due to the sharp change and makes them pay attention to the film more closely. Also the scene shows Juliets innocence, she is blissfully unaware of the tragedy taking place and the fate of her new husband. The religious motifs appear again through the figurines, again relating back to the time period of the original play. Luhrman uses young, attractive actors for the main characters, which are appealing to the modern youth. As Tybalt dies, a short scene with Juliet is edited in. This helps us to understand her thoughts and feelings at the time. It also helps the scene to flow through into the next, making it easier for the audience to follow the film. Overall the scene is extremely well directed. Baz Luhrman has used camera, music, sound, editing, characterisation, colour and lighting to great effect. You can easily understand whats going on and its easy for the modern audience to relate to the characters and see what emotions theyre going through.

Graduate School Personal Statements

Graduate School Personal Statements One of the most important aspects of the graduate school personal statement is its presentation. While the content of any admissions essay is easily the most important factor, how the student chooses to presents his or her composition is also significant. If you are currently working on a graduate school personal statement, I strongly suggest that you take a moment to decide how you plan to present your submission. Creativity in Graduate School Personal Statements One of the biggest mistakes that many students make when submitting their admissions application packet is not putting any creative thought into their presentations. Most students, in fact, do nothing more than fill out the written application form, enclose their typed graduate school personal statements, and then toss it in the mail. That is why application packets that are uniquely designed and/or that showcase an applicants desire to go the extra mile typically receive further attention. There are many ways you can creatively present your graduate school personal statements. One way is to personally design the cover page. You can do this with a creative piece of artwork or the attachment of a personal photo. No matter what your design ideas, putting any creative effort into your cover page is an excellent way to get any readers attention. Whether you enclose your admissions packet in a uniquely designed folder, or present your admissions essay complete with photos and/or hand drawn illustrations, any additional effort you put fourth toward the overall presentation of your personal statement is certain to win you some extra points. If you would like more tips on enhancing graduate school personal statements, please dont hesitate to contact me.

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Higher Education Essay

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Higher Education - Essay Example There are instances that I have encountered such experiences. For instance, someone approaches me and asks why I cook and clean my house. I feel offended because I don’t believe that such house chores belong to the ladies. Racial microaggressions are also common. They are a form of an offensive, racial discrimination. They make one feel inferior due to their race. People who face the vice also feel unwanted and unappreciated in the culture. One of the most common racial microaggression that I face in my life is the situation whereby my friends address me using particular surnames that are not mine. Such are the common names for my race, and everyone thinks that I have the same, because of my race. According to Riggle and Rostosky (9-11), some microaggressions are easier to deal with than others. The ease of handling them depends on the magnitude of stress and discomfort caused. The microaggressions that affect one’s health and family are tougher to handle than those tha t do not. As such, gender microaggressions are easier to deal with than the racial ones. On a similar note, Museums and Chang argue that microaggressions bear different impacts depending on whether they are racial or gender-based. Grey and Parker (57-68) also conform to this argument. Based on personal experience, racial microaggressions are the most common. The reason behind this is that most institutions of higher learning comprise of both Native and international races. Some puns end up being microaggressions. The most commonly committed microaggressions include racial, gender orientation, and gender identity. For instance, I tell my friend that she is too cute for a black girl, and she gets offended. A "good" man does not cook or clean the house. A "good" woman does not do office work. A "good" woman thinks of how to maintain the home and take care of the family.

Islamaphobia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamaphobia - Essay Example The belief in Christianity as a Western civilization and culture resulted in the anti-Islam discourse. Muslims were regarded as different and radical as their religion was incompatible with the European culture (Konrad 31). People saw Islam as an element of threat to the spread and existence of Christianity in Europe. The viewpoint culminated into the position that Islam will conquer Europe through immigration and birth rates. Defenders of this notion believed that because of the growing Muslim community, Europe faces the danger of losing its Christian-based civilization and cultural identity. Another common discourse on Islam was its monolithic presentation. A reflection of this discourse is evident in the use of the terms â€Å"them† and â€Å"us† to ascertain that Islam was compatible with major European ideals. Europeans viewed Islam as tool for opposing European ideals such as democracy, sexual equality, and rejection of violence. The 19th century marked the age of Europe’s Enlightenment. Anti-Islam groups used every possible method to fight Islam because they believed it was a threat to the European age of enlightenment. Anti-Islamic contents and articles were found in various politically oriented newspapers and journals. The European media used showed particular differences in issues of gender power and politics. It showed the differences between the European culture and the Islamic culture. There was a biased representation of Islam because the arguments presented by the European community only demonstrated the incompatibility between Islam an d the western society (Konrad 30). Anti-Islam discourses in Europe began in the 17th and 18th centuries. Islam and societies influenced by Islam were regarded as inferior. Most of the anti-Islam discourse in Europe were based on stereotypes consisting of cultural prejudices against Islam. The cultural prejudices that developed a distinction between the Muslim Orient

US Weaponry advances in the Late 1800's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Weaponry advances in the Late 1800's - Essay Example The bullet was driven out of the muzzle at a velocity of about 1,200 feet per second, and it could travel more than 1,000 yards. In 1874, the U.S. Army also used the Colt single action Army revolver. This pistol fired six .45-caliber cartridges. The effective range of the Colt revolver dropped off rapidly over 60 yards. During the campaign, the Army employed various kinds of artillery as well. Colonel Nelson A. Miles, for example, had two Gatling guns that fired a .50 caliber bullet. The Gatling gun was capable of firing up to 300 rounds per minute. At the Battle of Red River on August 30, 1874, Col. Nelson Miles used the Gatling against the Southern Cheyenne—the first time the gun was used in combat west of the Mississippi River. Miles also brought along a 10-pounder Parrott rifle, which was actually a small cannon. The Parrott rifle fired a shell that measured 8.8 inches long by 2.86 in diameter. The shell exploded upon impact and the shell casing became the shrapnel. The maximum range of the 10-pounder Parrott rifle at five degrees elevation was about 2,000 yards. 1 By 1877 "Bulldog" was the first Gatling gun to feature a fully enclosed bronze housing over the barrels and breech. The "Bulldog" was a five-barrel .45 cal. tripod mounted weapon. A few were mounted on a light cavalry cart. A rear mounting hand crank permitted a very high rate of fire of up to 1,000 spm(single point mooring), almost twice the rate of a typical World War II machine gun. By 1889, it was a ten-barrel .45 cal. gun fully encased in a bronze jacket. A side mounting hand crank produced a rate of fire of up to 800 spm, but could be rear mounted to increase the rate up to 1,500 spm. Internal components were strengthened to withstand the punishment from the higher rate of fire. This model had a new flexible yoke that permitted a wider angle of traverse and elevation than

Utilitarianism As The Principle Of Happiness Philosophy Essay

Utilitarianism As The Principle Of Happiness Philosophy Essay According to John Stuart Mill (author of Utilitarianism), utility is happiness, and happiness is pleasure minus pain. Widely known as a universal hedonism, utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy in which the most ethical acts are those which serve to increase the happiness for the most people or at the very least, decreases the suffering for the most people. Nonetheless, albeit with the fact that happiness is recognized as a universal though objectively valuable goal , utilitarianism has been for centuries recognized as the doubt of most moral philosophers, criticized for being impractical, cold and distant from individual rights and the real complexities of life. Bernard Williams is one of the critics, who brought about explicit series of objections against utilitarianism in his book, A Critique of Utilitarianism (Williams 1973b). Obviously, it is impossible for me to cover all areas concerning utilitarianism and so concentrating on morality objections, I will first of all attempt to present Bernard Williams integrity objection and the well known counter-examples against utilitarianism. Then, I will try to counter these objections, and rebutted Williams argument with stern objections as well, with Mills Utilitarianism as my reference. At the end of this essay, I hope to show that utilitarianism is indeed right, and likewise, moral intuitions are without a doubt unreliable to be used as a base in criticising utilitarianism. From what I can understand, Williams believes that utilitarianism fails to recognise the reality of complexities in life, the value of integrity, and as I mentioned earlier, individual rights. Morality comes with the recognition of individual rights and if decisions or judgments are made based on numerical value of the greatest number of happiness in a situation, the happiness of this lesser number group is ignored. Hence, integrity failed to be satisfied. In order to maximize the number of happiness, simply favour the largest number of members in a group and this irked the mind of Williams. Moreover, according to Williams, a normal utilitarian man wouldnt be able to fulfil the demanding ridiculous principle of utilitarianism. It is asking too much of an individual person and so because of that the theory must be flawed. From experience itself we can be sure that morality indeed, does not require so much of us.   Yet, the latter argument of Williams can still be argued as it is not that the theory is demanding, it is just that people dont want to fulfil their moral obligations, and that we just dont like being told to do what we dont want to do.   After all, a moral theory that wouldnt ask us to do what we dont want to do would be useless. Critics of utilitarianism have never fail to construct hypothetical situations where in each of them is the definite clear expectation of what the utilitarian would say, and it is also clear that the saying of the utilitarian would always be potentially wrong in almost all hypothetical cases. These counter-examples against utilitarianism do not conclusively show that utilitarianism is wrong, but indeed they are common reasons why people are rejecting it. And so because of that, I will present two such common counter-examples and the expected utilitarian response for these counter examples. First Counter-Example: Hypothetically speaking, there would be a television show of the future, a show where a person is taken and subjected to tortures on the show.   This is a pay-per-view show that costs a good amount of money to get.   Only people who want to see the show will ever see it, but there are a large number of people who get a great amount of pleasure from seeing this plus all the profits go to charity.   This isnt a regular program, it may only happen once.   Should this show be made? Speaking in a utilitarian manner, it is indeed right to give a green light to this show as even though, it is really sad and bad for this one person, it is however, brings a lot of happiness and pleasure to those who will see it (obviously thousands of watchers). Moreover, all the profits will go to the charity thus benefited a lot more people! Clearly, the benefits outweigh the harms. But obviously, it is indeed still wrong to torture people. This could indeed be the main argument of the opponents. Regardless of the benefits, it is still a violation of that tortured mans rights. Furthermore, to enjoy watching the torture could indeed be more morally wrong than to be physically involved in the show. Second Counter-Example: Jim, a botanist travelling in South America, comes upon a public execution in a small town. A military captain has lined up 20 Indians. He explains to Jim that they have been chosen at random from the local population, which has recently been protesting against the government. The captain offers Jim a guests privilege. If Jim wishes, he can select one of the Indians and shoot him; the other nineteen will then go free. Otherwise, the execution by the captains henchman, Pedro, will go as planned. Utilitarianism seems to claim that it is obvious that the right thing to do is for Jim to just select one of these Indians to be shot at, so that another 20 lives could be spared. To not choose, or refusing to choose could lead to unhappiness of 20 persons, whereas to choose could only cause unhappiness of one. And so as we are referring to the theory of maximizing utility, to lose one is better than to lose 20. However, the objector will claim that it is just obvious that this is the wrong thing to do.   Killing a persons life is still wrong for whatever the reason is. From what that I can deduce, the two counter-examples have one thing in common that is our sense of Morality or our moral intuitions clashes with the principles that utilitarianism hold. Indeed, opposite commands. Nevertheless, it does not mean that utilitarianism must be wrong or flawed. First of all, the arguments made by these counter-examples can only be conclusive if only our moral intuitions are correct.   However, as we all know, our moral intuitions are volatile due to the complexities of life and due to the significant numbers of gray areas that could result in confusion, according to Mill, that is why we refer to moral theories in the first place. Since it is unclear to us of the universal approval for moral intuitions, the critics cannot use their moral intuitions as the base for rejecting a moral theory which is in this case, the moral theory of utilitarianism. Indeed, of course, for example, stealing is a disgrace yet to think of it now, maybe our other supposed to be right moral beliefs might be wrong. Yet, is stealing really wrong? What about Robin Hood? Is he a hero or just a plain mere thief? The point that Im trying to state here is that we dont really know which are right and which are wrong. Our moral beliefs are inconsistent.   Some may percei ved certain things are right. Some may not. And so, we cannot know that our common sense moral intuitions about The Torture Show or Jim and The 21 Indians are right mainly because we dont really know which of our moral beliefs to trust. Second of all, the counter-examples are based on complicated moral situations; and truth to be told, biased as have they are design in such a way that the morally right answer seem obvious.   In reference to Jim and the 21 Indians, let me re-describe the situation to highlight the utilitarian benefit. Indeed, it is hard to overlook how terrible the consequences would be if 20 Indians are to be killed, when Jim has the power to prevent that. We must acknowledge the fact that, yes, although it is easy to sympathize with one innocent unfortunate person, we must also sympathize with the other 20 people, each of whom will suffer greatly if they are to be killed.  In this case, the morally right action is not obvious.  The situations presented are almost always unusual and extraordinary they are situations that one is unlikely to come across, much less to be prepared for when one does come across it.   And so conclusively, we based our moral intuitions on our moral educations. Mor al education is applicable to our daily lives and if it was to be applied in aggravating counter-examples and in every possible situation, it is indeed impossible. And so because of that, moral intuitions are not valid and any objections based on them are flawed and can be disregarded. Conclusively, these could somehow rebut the arguments made by William on the basis of integrity and morality. Conclusively, we can actually deduce that things that are morally wrong usually involve the harming of people and things that are of high moral values such as charity work, heroic deeds all contribute to the welfare of the people. Moreover, it is not a coincidence that wrong actions harm people and right action help people.  Indeed, utilitarianism claimed that the reason that right actions are right is that they help people, and the reason that wrong actions are wrong is because they harm people.   The basis of morality is inside the principle of utilitarianism. You make people happy when you help them and you make them unhappy when you harm them. And so, conclusively, as long as a person accepts that it is best to help people as much as possible and hurt them as little as possible, he or she must accept that utilitarianism is right! Works Cited/References: Crisp, Roger 1997: Routledge Philosophy Guide Book to Mill on Utilitarianism. E. Goodin, Robert 1995: Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Mill, John Stuart (Reprinted in Penguin Classics 1985, first published in 1859): On Liberty. Would you kill someone to save one hundred people? CreateDebate. Retrieved on 15th November 2009, from http://www.createdebate.com/debate/show/ould_you_kill_ someone_to_save_one_hundred_people Utilitarianism Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved on 12th November 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism Bernard Williams Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved on 12th November 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams Introduction to utilitarianism. Retrieved on 16th November 2009 from http://www.utilitarian.org/utility.html Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill Retrieved on 18th November 2009 from http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.htm

Klamath Falls Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

the paper is about the water crisis that is taking place right now in the Klamath Falls are of Oregon. It discusses the many problems that the different groups of interest are dealing with. The main group that I focused on was the view point of the farmers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Klamath Lake, along with other various rivers, lakes and canals that surround it, are the basis for almost 500 species of wildlife in southern Oregon and parts of northern California. It also serves as the most important factor in a farmer’s livelihood; their irrigation. The basis for the water crisis that is going to today in this region is that the current water levels and somewhat water quality are diminishing and reeking havoc on the area’s wildlife. The most notable argument from our guest lecturers and Steve Kandra (our somewhat uninvited tour guide), is that the water levels are too shallow for the two species of sucker fish to fully mature and to spawn. This makes it difficult to the many other species that rely on the sucker for a source of food, the most popular being the bald eagle, which is also an endangered species. Aside from the wildlife issues, the other main issue involved in this water crisis is the right to water usage. Some o f these water rights date back many years but, they are still having difficulty deciding who gets to use the water and exactly how much they should use. There are also many other parties involved in this crisis, aside from environmentalists and irrigators, which I feel, are left out and many people don’t realize their role in the crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coming from a finance background myself, I feel that one of the major stake holders in this issue that are being overlooked are the local business owners as well as the businesses that purchase goods from the Klamath area businesses. Since many of the family farmers around this area are unable to irrigate, they have no crop to sell. This in turn means they either have no income to purchase goods or in the worst case scenario, they might have to sell some of the assets to pay for their living expenses. These assets could include anything from faming equipment to the land itself. Having been to the Klamath Falls area personally, I noticed that it is not a very wealthy town, to say the least. You will notice that there are not a lot of corporate firms compared to fam... ...use. They said that cattle can damage the land very easily and it can take quite a few years to reverse the damage. It also discussed some of the problems with the cattle polluting the streams. What wasn’t discussed very much were the steps that the ranchers were taking to help preserve the land. It seems like all they did was focus on the negative side of what cattle can do to the land. Regardless of what someone’s standing is on the water crisis debate, it is very apparent that there isn’t going to be any short term solution to this problem. As stated by Steve Kandra and another speaker, the way I understood it was that the current biological order is in place for ten years. This doesn’t leave any room for improvement. Another factor to consider is that there is 70% less rain fall this year compared to the average. This is going to be very difficult for them to keep the water levels stable without the irrigators even taking any water. On MSNBC, a reporter discussed the current conditions around the Klamath Basis as well as a number of other places throughout the west. Many states involved with the problem of dramatically less rain fall have already declared a drought for summer.

Business Goals

Background of study The quick development in rivalry among firms of different kinds has represented a few difficulties for them with respect to keeping up their customers and accomplishing business goals. Because of that, firms have moved from customary ways of marketing towards social trading methods with customers that could return more prominent business benefits on the long haul. Consequently, concentrating on retention of customers has turned out to be vital for enhancing the competitiveness and performance of the organizations. Keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish the retention of customers, it must be noticed that customers have a tendency to assess their purchasing experiences regarding the perceived value that is followed by the measure of cash spent to receive an item or benefit and the advantages got in return. Along these lines, a positive experience of a customer significantly affects the purchasing behavior and retention of the customer. (Bapat and Thanigan, 2016). To manage customer relations and guarantee firm efficacy, it has happened to be very necessary to comprehend what leads to retention of the customers. (Afzali and Ahmed, 2016). Customer retention is defined as â€Å"the process of building customer loyalty towards a particular brand, thus resulting in repurchasing its products or services over time† (Cannie, 1994; Danish, Ahmad, Ateeq, Ali, and Humayon, 2015). Customer retention is the primary objective for the organizations that aides in keeping up their business (Coviello, 2002). There are an extensive number of firms that are associated with the retention of their customers. In order to achieve the maximum profitability, firms tend to focus on the retention of the customers (Kotler, 2003). Retention of the customers underlines on backing which is for the most part connected with repurchase conduct and brand devotion of the customers (Buttle, 2004). At the end of the day, retention of the customers involves a durable responsibility of a customer towards a brand and keeping up such relationship because of positive observations and past encounters (Boohene, 2013; Mohamed and Borhan, 2014). Customers who cheerfully make the majority of their buys from a specific brand for the most part have higher extent of fulfillment towards it than the individuals who indicate less loyalty. Anderson and Sullivan (1990) likewise represented that client maintenance gives monetary ramifications to firms on the grounds that increasing new customers is more exorbitant than keeping up existing ones because of the costs that they spend on publicizing and advancement to impact their purchase intention. Retention of the customers happens when the customers are completely happy with the benefits given by the inns (Grà ¸nhaug and Gilly,2001). On the other hand, the customers are particularly faithful towards their brands (inn) and it brings about the retention of the customers of that brand (Buttle, 2004). In order to achieve the maximum benefits and advantages, the firms tend to focus on retention of their customers. (Dawkins and Reichheld, 2009). There are few examinations that clarify the impact of the diverse variables that impact the client maintenance in inns. This is especially simple for the clients to get disappointed with the offers administrations to them (Colgate and Lang, 2001; Colgate and Norris, 2001) 1.2 Purpose of The Study The main and premier reason for this research is to discover the impact of the distinctive factors on the retention of the customers.Research ObjectivesThe fundamental goals for this article are as per the following:To find the impacts of the distinctive factors such as service quality, ambience, customer satisfaction and loyalty on retention of the customers.Significance of the studyThe significance of the study is that retention of the customers is the essential activity for any business for the most extreme yield. This investigation is done to clarify the connection between ambience, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, service quality and retention of the customers.Scope of the study This examination will assist the entrepreneurs with working on these elements in light of the fact that these variables are the fundamental need of each customer. What's more, with the assistance of this analysis, the entrepreneurs can thrive their business. This exploration is additionally valuable for similar firms who are confronting the issues in keeping up the customers.Research QuestionThe research question of this study is to find out what is the impact of ambience, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and service quality on the retention of the customers.

Plato vs. Machiavelli Essays

Plato vs. Machiavelli Essays Plato vs. Machiavelli Paper Plato vs. Machiavelli Paper Plats view of human nature can be seen when considering his view of the soul, which, according to him, Is comprised of three distinct parts; one of reason, one of appetite, and one of spirit. Ones inclination towards a particular part of the soul determines his place in society. The spirit-dominated soul is one of courage and bravery, therefore, these people are the soldiers in Flats ideal society. The workers or craftsmen are those with an appetitive soul, one that yearns to fulfill only lifes basic needs. Finally, we have the oils that are Inclined towards reason and these select few are those that Plato deems worthy of ruling. For Plato there Is no greater goal In life than the pursuit of knowledge. An intelligent man is just and therefore fit to preside over the state for he will always have the best interests of the state in mind. These characteristics are inherent in someone, they are not things that can be achieved or taught so the act of discovering what role each man is more apt to fill is the only task to be done. Then people are simply given the education needed to take on the duties they were meant o perform. In Flats mind the result of this Is a truly harmonious society where everyone strives to contribute to the success of society as a whole. This seems simple enough in theory but in reality in deprives humanity of any creativity, ambition, or any sense of self-worth. Machiavelli, a realist, presents a much different representation of human nature than that of Plato. In his opinion, man is both good and bad but when push comes to shove he will always choose what best serves his own Interests. This leads to Machiavellian construction of an Ideal prince, which Is one ho possesses virtue. According to Machiavelli, virtue Is the ability or skill with which becomes successful. As I have said, he should do what is right If he can: but he must be prepared to do wrong if necessary (Machiavelli, p. 55, 1994). This is the balance the prince must employ using virtue so as to allow him to achieve the best possible ends for both himself and the state. Machiavelli does not discourage the prince from engaging in amoral activities, however he does quite the opposite. For example, he promotes ruthlessness If It Is necessary to establish his power. However, Machiavelli advises that It be done all at once and as early In ones reign as possible. This Is so that it may quickly be forgotten and so the people may see that these acts were only done for their benefit and the preservation of the state. Machiavellian prince is much more concerned with his image and the perception the people have of him rather than the actual morality of his choices. If he engages in immorality for the right reasons and is able to retain the support of the populace then his actions are seen as both Justified and necessary. The necessity of a good prince Ills In his Utterance Ana conservation AT ten state as a wangle. I Nils Is conclave tongue a strong army that can both defend the state in times of attack and conquer surrounding territories when expansion is warranted. These are the ends that Justify any of the means taken by the prince in order to achieve them. Machiavellian prince is any man that possesses the virtue required to gain and retain power over the state. This is in stark contrast to Plats view of those who are qualified to be in power. Then, dont you see that in your city, too, the desires of the inferior many are untroubled by the wisdom and desires of the superior few? I do (Plato, p. 106, 1992). This undoubtedly conveys Plats belief that philosopher-kings are those that must lead fore they are the only ones fit with the wisdom to do so. They are seemingly forced into a position of power; they rule not because they choose to but rather to achieve the good and harmony of everyone, even the inferior many. In Plats work the founders and rulers of his society are an absolute necessity. A perfect society could not exist without them for then the responsibility of leadership would all to those unfit to lead. In Machiavellian case an ideal prince is something that is desired rather than something that is essential to the existence of a state. This is evidenced by Machiavellian entire purpose behind writing The Prince, which is to persuade Lorenz De Medici, who he sees as a potential prince, to unify the country of Italy which found itself in a condition of utter disarray. Machiavellian prince is necessary to facilitate an enduring, truly successful state but surely states can exist and experience reasonable amounts of success without such a prince. In terrorist, the only theory to have any true usefulness would be that of Machiavelli. Plats Utopia is simply an imaginary world that may work in theory but that is that only place in which it does. There is no practicality in it when you consider the real world and the true nature of people. The result, then, is that more plentiful and better-quality goods are more easily produced if each person does one thing for which he is naturally suited, does it at the right time, and is released from having to do any of the others (Plato, p. 45, 1992). It would surely be illustrious if people would ay into this acceptance of a given role for their lives as Plato proposes and live in such a way where their only goal would be to live out that role as best as possible for the betterment of society as a unit. Unfortunately, we live in a world where people are corrupt, envious, self-interested, and many times do whatever they can to improve their own situation regardless of the effect their actions have on the situations of others. Machiavelli recognizes these aspects of human nature and integrates them into the theory of governance that he constructs. He does this by first coking into history and learning from the successes and failures experienced by nations in the past. He recognizes that there is a degree of good and bad in everyone and the extent to which people perform in either direction is entirely up to them. People are by nature inconstant. It is easy to persuade them of something, but it is difficult to stop them from changing their minds. So you have to be prepared for the moment when they no longer believe: Then you have to force them to believe (Machiavelli, p. 20, 1994). This conveys Machiavellian appreciation of the fact hat people can be manipulated; especially by someone whom has the intelligence required to master the use of both good and evil to the point that it becomes an art. The evil in this case is the application of the force needed to keep the belief or support AT ten people. I nest are ten men, won more tales than not, Tina themselves in positions of power because of their somewhat cunning and deceptive nature that allows them to deceive others Just enough to gain their support while still presenting an image of themselves that is above reproach.

Free Essays on The Mother

The mother Abortion. One of today’s greatest controversies is all summed up in one poem. â€Å"The mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks, is about abortion and emotions that the mother feels by making such a decision. The mother feels content and little regret about the abortion. Hell, one should feel so lucky to. In the whole first stanza the narrator is telling others how she feels about not being a mother; perhaps she is giving advice: â€Å"You will never neglect or beat/them, or silence or buy with sweet†¦.† The narrator means that if one chooses to have an abortion she won’t have a chance to do all the things other mom’s have the chance to. For example, she will never get to punish or spoil a child. The second stanza is also from the mother’s point of view: â€Å"I have heard in the voices of the wind the voices of my dim killed children.† She hears them, and they still live with her. When she says, â€Å"I have contracted. I have eased† the mother has come to an agreement and is free from worry, pain, and discomfort. Going through day after day, knowing that the mother has killed an innocent baby, she finally realizes that it was her choice and came to an agreement with herself that she doesn’t need to worry anymore. The second portion of the second paragraph is a vital and powerful section of the poem. The line â€Å"And your lives from your unfinished reach,† could mean several things. One idea is that the mother may not have reached a goal in life, which she had planned on before the abortion happened. After having an abortion, many people feel guilt, regret and depression. Another meaning is that the child hasn’t had a cha nce to get a goal to not reach. The third stanza presents a small sense of regret from the mother. One of the lines in the third stanza is â€Å"If I stole your births and your names, / Your straight baby tears and your games, /Your stilted or lovely loves, your tumults, your marriages,... Free Essays on The Mother Free Essays on The Mother The mother Abortion. One of today’s greatest controversies is all summed up in one poem. â€Å"The mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks, is about abortion and emotions that the mother feels by making such a decision. The mother feels content and little regret about the abortion. Hell, one should feel so lucky to. In the whole first stanza the narrator is telling others how she feels about not being a mother; perhaps she is giving advice: â€Å"You will never neglect or beat/them, or silence or buy with sweet†¦.† The narrator means that if one chooses to have an abortion she won’t have a chance to do all the things other mom’s have the chance to. For example, she will never get to punish or spoil a child. The second stanza is also from the mother’s point of view: â€Å"I have heard in the voices of the wind the voices of my dim killed children.† She hears them, and they still live with her. When she says, â€Å"I have contracted. I have eased† the mother has come to an agreement and is free from worry, pain, and discomfort. Going through day after day, knowing that the mother has killed an innocent baby, she finally realizes that it was her choice and came to an agreement with herself that she doesn’t need to worry anymore. The second portion of the second paragraph is a vital and powerful section of the poem. The line â€Å"And your lives from your unfinished reach,† could mean several things. One idea is that the mother may not have reached a goal in life, which she had planned on before the abortion happened. After having an abortion, many people feel guilt, regret and depression. Another meaning is that the child hasn’t had a cha nce to get a goal to not reach. The third stanza presents a small sense of regret from the mother. One of the lines in the third stanza is â€Å"If I stole your births and your names, / Your straight baby tears and your games, /Your stilted or lovely loves, your tumults, your marriages,...

Why have not we mastered alignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why have not we mastered alignment - Article Example Additionally, in cases where there is misalignment, the IS job gets done but with unnecessary redundancy and inefficiency, greater costs and delays leading to poor performance. And as a result, the organizations invest heavily in IS to compete effectively but still they experience disappointments in performance (Chan, 2002, p. 98-100). The study used both strategic and structural alignment. Research on strategic alignment proposes aligning business unit and IS strategies including communication and understanding between lines and IS executives, interconnected business and IS planning process and resulting plans among others. However, structural alignment refers to the degree of structural fit between the IS system and the business. Structural fit relates to organizational structure including location of IS decision-making rights, reporting relationships, and deployment of IS personnel. This alignment aims at supporting organizational objectives. An important point of discussion is that, effective information system alignment is appropriate for many organizations to escape unnecessary inefficiency and high cost. The strategies used by enterprises to monitor and improve the alignment and performance of information system functions should be a major concern for most organizational

Handling Difficult Conversations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Handling Difficult Conversations - Essay Example Employees are engaged in gossip with each other. Due to gossiping, the employees were not able to focus in their work. Additionally, avoidance of the situation has led to inefficiency in the work procedure, which further was identified to be accountable for unproductivity. This was hampering the work culture and environment of the workplace. As a Human Resource (HR) manager to overcome the situation, a meeting was organized with the employees. In the meeting, an interaction was developed in order to determine the reasons for gossiping during working hours in order to develop an appropriate strategy to overcome the difficult situation. In this respect, I have implemented an effective communication strategy of motivation based on which the employees would be able to develop respect and compassion amid employees and accordingly, they will be able perform their operations productively. Subsequently, the strategy aided in squashing the habit of gossiping amid employees (Guo & Sanchez, 2005). Difficult conversation is identified as a process of communicating messages that are accountable for raising confusion, pain, embarrassment, fear or anxiety amid employees in a workplace (Harvard Business School Publishing, 2014). Difficult conversation can be mitigated through good communication process between managers and subordinates from top level along with middle level managers to labor groups. In this regard, managers should adopt different communication techniques that include manage self, manage conversation and manage relationship (Edmondson & Smith, 2006). Additionally, communication process is required to be based on three important factors that include temperance, clarity and neutrality (Weeks, 2001). In this context, the strategies of managing self, conversation and relationship with the assistance of effective communication would facilitate in managing difficult conversation successfully. Communicating at regular interval with

TAX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

TAX - Essay Example The code of ethics is developed by a professional body such as the ICAEW and often, it is monitored and enforced by the body especially where governmental regulations are of little or no effect. Members are, therefore, to follow the code in order to be in good standing with the institution or organization. Ethics is concerned with operations of the organization; thus to handle client relationships, a code of conduct is required in an institution. The code of conduct refers to a practical document of set standards and principles that govern client relationships with staff members in the organization. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) defines a professional code of conduct that accountants are supposed to follow. It is applicable to everyone affiliated to ICAEW, i.e. students, staff members and employees of member firms in professional and business activities. According to the CISI code of conduct, members are required to demonstrate high standards of professional conduct and take into consideration the interests of the general public. Ethical behaviour is essential in gaining public trust in financial reporting and business practice hence to uphold ones accountancy reputation ICAEW outline the principles under which the accountants should operate. Similarly, the Charted Institute of Security Investment (CISI) has a code of conduct that aims at boosting banking finance integrity through raising professional standards of the financial services offered. According to CISI, an essential component of professionalism is integrity that is the effective recipe of knowledge skills and behaviour. In essence, both the ICAEW code of ethics and the CISI code of conduct are concerned with professionalism For CISI, the professionals who operate in the securities and investment industry are obligated to the

7 Days of Prayers for the Souls in Purgatory Essay Example for Free

7 Days of Prayers for the Souls in Purgatory Essay PREPARATORY PRAYER My Jesus, by the sorrows You suffered in Your agony in the Garden, in Your scourging and crowning with thorns, in Your journey to Calvary, in Your crucifixion and death, have mercy on the souls in purgatory, and especially on those that are most forsaken; deliver them from the torments they endure; call them and admit them to Your most sweet embrace in paradise, where You live with the Father and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen See more: Homeless satire essay Prayers from The Raccolta (Here say the prayer for the day) 0ur Father Our Father in Heaven, Your Kingdom come; Your will be done on earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. Hail Mary Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women; and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us, sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen. Eternal Rest Eternal rest, grant unto them, O Lord; and let perpetual light shine upon them. May they rest in peace. Amen. Concluding Prayer Merciful Father, hear our prayers and console us. As we renew our faith in Your Son, whom You raised from the dead, strengthen our hope that all our departed brothers and sisters will share in His resurrection, who lives and reigns with You and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen. SUNDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood, which Your divine Son Jesus shed in the Garden, deliver the souls in purgatory, and especially that one which is the most forsaken of all, and bring it into Your glory, where it may praise and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. MONDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood, which Your divine Son Jesus shed in His cruel scourging, deliver the souls in purgatory, and among them all, especially that soul which is nearest to its entrance into Your glory, that it may soon begin to praise You and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. TUESDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood of Your divine Son Jesus that was shed in His bitter crowning with thorns, deliver the souls in purgatory, and among them all, particularly that soul which is in the greatest need of our prayers, in order that it may not long be delayed in praising You in Your glory and blessing You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. WEDNESDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood of Your divine Son Jesus that was shed in the streets of Jerusalem while He carried on His sacred shoulders the heavy burden of the Cross, deliver the souls in purgatory and especially that one which is richest in merits in Your sight, so that, having soon attained the high place in glory to which it is destined, it may praise You triumphantly and bless You forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. THURSDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Body and Blood of Your divine Son Jesus, which He Himself on the night before His Passion gave as meat and drink to His beloved Apostles and bequeathed to His Holy Church to be the perpetual Sacrifice and life-giving nourishment of His faithful people, deliver the souls in purgatory, but most of all, that soul which was most devoted to this Mystery of infinite love, in order that it may praise You therefore, together with Your divine Son and the Holy Spirit in Your glory forever. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. FRIDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood which Jesus Your divine Son did shed this day upon the tree of the Cross, especially from His sacred Hands and Feet, deliver the souls in purgatory, and particularly that soul for whom I am most bound to pray, in order that I may not be the cause which hinders You from admitting it quickly to the possession of Your glory where it may praise You and bless You for evermore. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc. SATURDAY O Lord God omnipotent, I beseech You by the Precious Blood which gushed forth from the sacred Side of Your divine Son Jesus in the presence and to the great sorrow of His most holy Mother, deliver the souls in purgatory and among them all especially that soul which has been most devout to this noble Lady, that it may come quickly into Your glory, there to praise You in her, and her in You through all the ages. Amen. Our Father, Hail Mary, Eternal rest, etc.

Color Symbolism in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

Colors are an essential part of the world around us. They can convey messages, expressing that which words do not. Gentle blue tones can calm a person and bright yellows can lift the spirits. If an artist is trying to express sorrow or death he often uses blacks blues, and grays basically he uses dreary colors. Without one word, a driver approaching a red traffic light knows to stop. Colors are representative of many things. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses color symbolism throughout as a major device in thematic and character development. He uses colors to symbolize the many different intangible ideas in the book. Throughout the book characters, places, and objects are given "life" by colors, especially the more prominent ones. F. Scott Fitzgerald utilizes the color yellow to symbolize moral deterioration and depravity. F. Scott Fitzgerald writes, â€Å"The lamp-light, bright on his boots and dull on the autumn-leaf yellow of her hair (18).† F. Scott Fitzgerald is referring to Tom and Daisy Buchannan and he is signifying that Tom is slowly progressing towards moral decay. In the novel, there are several incidents that prove Tom is in fact, progressing towards moral decay. First, Tom is having an affair with Myrtle Wilson. Second, Tom does not like Jay Gatsby, and several times he attempts to prove that Gatsby is not who he claims he is. Tom even goes as far as to hire a detective in his attempts to prove that Gatsby is not who he claims he is. In the novel, Jay Gatsby had a Rolls Royce automobile that was yellow in color. "His station wagon scampered like a yellow brisk-bug (. . .) (39).† Gatsby's car was referred to many times in the novel, but it was always referred to as "The yellow ca r (157)." F... ... in" (8). Fitzgerald attempts to describe her in a perfect fashion in this scene which is the reason for Nick’s comment. Throughout the story Fitzgerald portrays Nick as a person that often judges other people, and by showing his instant praise towards Jordan he certainly proves that she could be an honest and innocent person, which is why Fitzgerald has her wearing white in this scene, even though the reader can later find out that that is not exactly the truth. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print.

Play Production In The Greek & Elizabethan Eras Essay

The contemporary Greek play was an amalgamation of several artistic tools like pictures for example the one shown below which conveyed strong message to the audience. There were numerous other scenic elements used in the Greek theater. When a crane was used (called machina in Greek), it gave an impression of an airborne actor. A wheeled wagon was also common in the Greek playhouses and it made it possible for the audience to view dead characters. Openings in the ground, for example trap doors, were vital as they were used to elevate people onto the stage. Pictures like the one above, pinakes, were used to demonstrate a scene’s backdrop. Satyr plays were very common in the Greek playhouses just as were the tragedies. Phallic props were used in such plays to symbolize fertility in of the Roman and the Greek god of wine- Dionysus. Elizabethan acting was not any near ‘naturalistic.’ The repertory of the Elizabethan era was extremely divergent from that of the present as was the demands on Elizabethan actors compared to the present day’s actors. Elizabethan theaters in two weeks could frequently present â€Å"eleven shows of ten dissimilar plays†. Playhouses would not show again the same play two days in a row. The Elizabethan Era was moment that reflected the atmosphere and values of the 16th century through the application of fashion. It was a phase where a lot of uniqueness and originality was manifest and was used to produce fresh styles of dress. The style in Elizabethan England at this time replicated the worth and principles of the era. The physical theatre spaces, sets, Costumes, Lights, Who would be in the audience Much may not be available to talk about the performance space for the Greek plays. This because all that is available for consultation is basically the works of literature. However, the Greek performances took place in theaters which could be subdivided into three: Athenian, Graeco-Roman and Hellenistic. In the Elizabethan era the theater consisted of theater not only as a form of art but also as a form of institution as well. There was originality then as evidenced in dressing styles and the costumes. However, the Elizabethan playhouse never made use of prolific or lavish scenery, but as an alternative the stage was left largely exposed with a few key props, the chief visual appeal on stage was in the costumes. Costumes were habitually brilliant in color and visually enchanting. Costumes were expensive, nonetheless, so generally players wore fashionable clothing in spite of the time interlude of the play. Intermittently, a lead character would be dressed in a conventionalized edition of more historically accurate apparel, but secondary characters would nevertheless remain in fashionable attire- (Bracewell, N. 1999). The Greek theaters were filled with Athenians who formed a majority of the judges (audience). There was an extremely large audience who were won by the playwrights through distribution of small gifts and flattery as well. Dealing with rowdy (in the strict sense of being extremely loud) was a challenge the playwrights had learned to deal with through performance of some outrageous and interesting act to draw the attention of the spectators. What might be the topic of a play in theater?   What was not acceptable as a topic for a play? The Greek plays circulated around tragedies, comedies or satyrs. This was also the case with Elizabethan era whose plays got much support fro the queen. In the Greek era women were forbidden from acting thus all the actors then were men. In terms of the experience, in relation to the Elizabethan era, the religiosity of the community or the individual played a major role. However, most of those who went to the theaters enjoyed dancing and playing other games like cards. In the Greek era, it was quite a motivating factor that every day of performance there had to be at least totally different issue or subject matter of performance. It would therefore motivate audience who crowded the Athenian theaters to have their full experience. In this era too, the experience of an individual was wholly or jointly dependent on the social class of the community or individual. The higher caste would have their best when it comedy while the lower class individuals were little more violent- (Ruben F. 2006).

Tilting Trains

Vishveshwaraya Technological University, Belgaum TILTING TRAINS DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [pic] GUIDE : VINAY B U PRESENTED BY : ARUN USN : 4SF09ME014 SYNOPSIS With the invention of new technologies in various features of the railway transportation the human beings are more benefited. One of the technology that the railway engineers thinking is about the â€Å"THE TILTING TRAINS†, which provide the passengers and the goods to reach the destination with a minimum time.The technology involved in TILTING TRAIN is that when ever the trains pass over the curves and turnings of the railway tracks the compartments of the train is tilted to a certain angle by which the trains can travel with no reduction in speed. By adopting this technology of TILTING TRAINS the fuel consumed by the trains can be saved ,the passengers can feel comfort and also time can be saved. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Problem with corners 3. What is tilting train? 4. Why tilting helps? 5.How do trains tilt? 6. Problems associated in tilting the track 7. Passenger comfort ness 8. Countries who developed the tilting technology 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of tilting trains 10. Summary 11. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Train is a mass transporter, which transports humans and goods from one place to another place. We have trains, which run by diesel and electricity. Among goods and passenger trains the most concerned one is passenger trains. The passenger train should move quickly with high speeds.The rail road will not be always straight it should pass through curves and turns. We all know that if you are driving in your car and you take a turning at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains, if a train takes a turning at speeds centrifugal forces will be experienced. The major problem for any trains is to pass over the curves and turns of the railroads. If the train moves with the same speed at the curves and turns the train may slip from the track, so the speed of the train will be slowdown drastically to avoid slip.This results in wastage of fuel and in turn reduces the speed of the train, which is main consideration for the passenger trains. One of the solution found to avoid this situation is the tilting trains. PROBLEMS WITH CORNERS We all know that if your driving in your car and you take a corner at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains; if a train takes a corner at speed then centrifugal forces come in. Often train operating companies face a decision for building a high speed railway transport system†¦ hey can either invest money in the train to make it tilt but use existing railway lines, or they invest money in a new railway but don't need to spend money on expensive tilting mechanisms. This is why TGV, and ICE and bullet trains do not tilt, because they have their own dedicated high speed railway lines where curves are built with very high radii. It is worth pointing out that the ce ntrifugal force is a function of v2/r where v is the velocity and r is the radius. This means if you double the velocity, you quadruple the centrifugal force.Similarly, if you want to triple the velocity but keep the centrifugal force the same, you must increase the radius by a factor of nine! Something not always possible. This is why even apparently gentle curves can be much more of a problem with high speeds than one might thing, because the force rises with the square of velocity. WHAT IS TILTING TRAIN ? Tilting train consists of a tilting mechanism that enables increased speed on regular tracks. In the upper part of the tilting trains that is in which the passengers are seated can be tilted sideways.During the motion of the train if the train has to steer to left in a left turning the coaches of the train will be tilted to the left in order to compensate the centrifugal push to the right and conversely during the right turn. These trains are constructed such that inertial force s which cause the tilting can be controlled by a computer. If the trains travel at speeds more than the specified speeds at the turnings of the railway tracks their will be centrifugal forces acting on the train. Due to these centrifugal forces the train may slip and push out of the tracks.But in case of tilting trains which will not happen, because of the reason that centrifugal forces will be compensated by tilting mechanism. WHY TILTING HELPS? When sitting on a corner going at speed there are two forces acting on you, gravitational force and the centrifugal force which is accelerating you into the corner. In physics when two forces act, then this causes a resultant force. The resultant force will push you into your seat and to the side. However if the train is tilting, then the normal contact force of you on your seat will be the same as the resultant force you are experiencing.This means as far as the passenger is concerned he or she is just being pulled into his or her seat, an d he or she is used to that so no discomfort is felt. This is true also of aero planes, commercial planes tilt a large amount, up to 30 degrees when going around corners in some cases to cater for passenger comfort. As the tilting of the aero plane is to get rid of the problem of centrifugal forces, or more accurately to disguised the centrifugal forces as a part of gravity as far as the passengers are concerned. The only way you know if the aero plane is tilting is to look out of the window.Trains that tilt can go up to 25% to 40% faster around curves than conventional trains without upsetting the passengers, and as mentioned before this can significantly increase average speeds and cut journey times. HOW DO TRAINS TILT? Carriages have tilting mechanisms. Obviously the bogies cannot tilt because they ride on the track and must follow the path of the track. So the coaches have to tilt on the bogies. The way they do this is simple, the bogie acts a fulcrum in the center and it is fre e to tilt either side. Then pistons control how much the coach tilts. The pistons are controlled by a small computer, which uses a spirit level.The spirit level is used to check if things are horizontal remember, i. e. at right angles to the resultant force acting. Normally this force is gravity, but when going round a corner the resultant is a combination of gravity and centrifugal forces. This means the spirit level indicates it is no longer horizontal, so the computer adjusts the pistons until horizontal is read. Again this will not be horizontal to the ground, but as far as anyone on the train is concerned it will be horizontal, keeping the passengers happy. In the early days they tried to use inertial force to let the trains tilt†¦ i. e. hey would have no mechanism to make them tilt but the carriages would have a low center of gravity so centrifugal forces on the carriage would cause them to tilt. This proved unsuccessful. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED IN TILTING THE TRACK Well on h igh speed lines the track in the UK is heavily banked up on corners, although going in a high speed train you don't notice it at all. Occasionally when a high speed train in the UK comes to a stop because of a red signal or something on a curve you can really notice how much its slanted, on a stop on a curve put a bottle on the floor and will slide across to the other side.However there are limitations with tilting tracks, first of all the banking has to be designed with a specific speed in mind. A banked up track meant for 125mph trains is going to cause discomfort to passengers in a local 75mph train, as when a slower train goes round a banked corner it will make passengers feel like they are falling to a side. Of course you could build dedicated high speed lines, but then you would engineer them without tight curves. This limits the extent to which tracks can be banked up. If the rack is banked too much for really fast trains, then if any train comes to a stop on the curve due to a red signal the slant will cause discomfort to passengers. Also arranging for the overhead pantrograph to make proper contact with a wire above a banked curve is a little tricky. Clearly trains themselves need to tilt, then you get the double benefit of tilted track and tilting train, and the train can tilt to exactly suit the speed it is going at. PASSENGER COMFORTNESS One might think it is not safe to push a train round a corner at high speed. Indeed that is true. However the crucial thing is that the speed at which it becomes unsafe, i. . the speed at which there is enough force to push the train off the track is incredibly high. In fact the force needed would be enough so that all passengers on the train couldn't move and would be stuck to the sides of the train. This implies that there is scope for increasing the speed of a train round corners a great deal without it becoming unsafe, however passengers will object. There are two reasons why it is bad for passengers. I have be en on a late running Inter City 125 and it took a corner at some speed although only about 90mph and the corner wasn't tight enough to say see the train at the other end by looking out of the window.The corner wasn't tight enough to notice turning either. However you could feel the forces definitely, and empty cups rolled across tables, bags creaked and I felt pushed against the wall. Any faster and it would be extremely uncomfortable for passengers and they would rather the train slowed down and take a little longer. Also companies don't like to run trains at speed round corners because it upsets passengers, as when exposed to turning forces they may become worried the train is going to fly off the tracks (which incidentally has never happened). This might make people nervous about traveling on high speed trains.The reason no one is ever nervous about traveling at nearly 200mph on a train is because it is smooth and constant. If it was doing corners at these speeds people wouldn't like it. People get freaked out doing 50mph on a roller coaster which involves tight curves, imagine how they feel when serious speed is involved! Its all down to the forces a passenger feels, if a passenger feels a lot of strong forces then he or she is going to be nervous, and may avoid traveling on the train, or just choose a slow train. COUNTRIES WHO DEVELOPED THE TILTING TECHNOLOGY BritainThe UK was interested in developing the advanced passenger train for quite a while France The development of the tilting train in France began in 1956 when eng. Mauzin built and experimented a single car unit that used inertial (non-assisted) tilting. This experiment were suspended because a natural tilting proved too difficult to accomplish. France preferred to built a vast network of high speed lines and the development of TGV started in the early seventies with a two-car modified turbo train. Today GEC-Alsthom has decided to start the development of a tilting TGV that has been delivered few weeks ago for testing and trials.Spain With the ETR-401 Fiat delivered in 1976 a wide-gauge version to Spain that was designated Tren Basculante (RENFE Type 443). However like its Italian sibling it remained a single vehicle. Later Spain developed a tilting version of its own Talgo train (talgo pendular) that so far has proved itself the only successful example of natural tilting and has met with a huge success. USA/Canada The first experiments were carried over in the thirties with non-powered cars (called pendulum), but the first successful tilting train in the USA was the Sikorsky Turbo Train which incorporated an inertial tilting mechanism.Later, in 1973 Amtrak tested an active tilting train called LRC (Light – Rapid – Comfortable) made of ten cars, that unfortunately had no success. Today Amtrak is trying again with the American Flyer built by Bombardier using some TGV-derived technologies. Sweden ABB developed in the early seventies an active tilting mechanism t hat was alternative to the Italian and British ones. This was tested in the X15 vehicle and implemented in the X2000 series train that so far has had a good success. One curious feature of this trains is that the tilting mechanism is applied only to the passengers cars and not to the driving motor units.Switzerland As a part of the IC-2000 project the Swiss railways are developing a tilting train that has the provisional designation ICN-2000 and will be built by SIG. Germany Germany has adopted tilting technology on its 610 and 611 class series EMU and will built the ICT for long-range intercity services ADVANTAGES 1. Fuel consumed by the trains can be minimized. 2. Speed of the trains can be maintained constant and hence time to reach the destination is minimized 3. Their will be Comfort ness for the passengers. DISADVANTAGES 1. Very costly to manufacture these kind of trains. . If the coaches do not tilt then it is dangerous. SUMMARY While the Very high speed trains like the TGV c ould be regarded as the Rolls Royce of trains, tilting trains could be thought of as the cheep and cheerful mini metro. The price differential is fairly similar too, it costs about 20 times more per unit distance to build a dedicated high speed line than it does to upgrade existing lines for tilting trains. This is what makes tilting trains extremely attractive. However there are disadvantages. 140mph or 230km/h is about as fast as trains go when not on dedicated lines.And then they have to be fitted in with slower moving traffic. With rail travel growing all over Europe, the problems of railways reaching saturation point has forced new lines to be build. This is why despite the success of the Italian Pendolini a new high speed line with 300 km/h trains is being built, because existing lines are at saturation. BIBILOGRAPHY Theory of machines KHURMI . R. S Railway Engineering PROFILLDIS . V. A www. goggle search. com TILTING TRAINS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN T HE TRACKS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS