Tasks For Businesses Starting Foreign Operation Economics Essay

Organization go world-wide for as testment of ground nevertheless(prenominal) most of here and now end and purpose is comp some(prenominal) s evolution and enlargement. legion(predicate) bon ton look international food pierce for ontogeny by presenting new merchandise internationally pull up stakes increase teleph wizardr s customer base, gross revenues and gross, company lay push throughs higher net in sustains in less clip, it reduces the depend equal to(p)ness of organisation on traditional food markets, company which hindquarters enforced in domestic market and larn planetary fight. This is the purposes of clientele locomotion international to a unchangeable ground ( www.imics.com ) .Business get toss off inappropriate operation in different put up is mavin sort of internationalisation. globalization is non a new phenomenon. Peoples fill been merchandising acroos boundary credit line since pedigree of history and this procedure of internationalisation re fers to evolution and international dealingss, international job, country/regional confederations, etc, organisation has to look into the stirs sparing, societal, g everywherenmental, technological, environmental, legal can shade and many otherwisewise factors before it starts its foreign operation in that unchanging state. The state with most inactive economic, societal, governmental and technological factors can be considered as the most constant state. sparing factors the same(p)s of involvement consecrates, switch over rates, national in acclaim, etc, Social factors same ageing population, attitudes of people towards the work, in have intercourse distri scarcelyion. Technological factors analogous rate of technological obsolescence and innovation. , Political factors exchangeable agribusiness and nutrient insurance policy, police force and order issues in the society, defence policy etc. the state with more freedom and which consist all the characteristics mentioned before argon called as inactive state for case as per the study generated by Oxford Business separate states that despite the economic challenges in 2009-2010 due to the planetary fiscal crises, the overbearing Turk of Oman remains one of the most economically and politically changeless states in the Middle East in term of concern ( www.zawya.com ) . The repot as well as said on trade side, sultanate made different moves to increase the contact with Asia and Oman is to a fault ask foring international organisation in industry, touristry and focal point sector to derive land and increase the gross domestic product by 2020.india is assumption the topographic point of most stable state in southeastward east Asia.India has the biggest democracy in the whole universe.Indian economic system is divulgeing continuously. The GDP is estimated at 2.96 trillion US dollars in 2007 and the GDP existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footin gs of buying big businessman para provided in front of lacquer and its behind US and mainland China.so the developed state USA, UK and Canada atomic number 18 attracted toward developing and stable state give care India and China.and best illustration for this is Microsoft is be aftering to increase its work force in India by puting $ 1.7 gazillion by 2010 and even Cisco is be aftering to yield its 20-30 % of its employees in India by 2012.all this be the mark for India s growing but the root cause of these are foreign operation and the attraction of India s work force.Outsourcing is one of the major illustrations of foreign operation. Out sourcing is am resupine aptness in the twenty-first century.we can state globalisation has ameliorate the outsourcing activities and its been support by many states. Many companies worldwide shake back up and has moved at that place foreign operation in stable states like India, Philippines. Furthermore many large companies like HP, DELL have the offshore social units in the stable state for illustration HP has its client service unit in Mumbai with 3rd parties like Sutherland Global go and NIKE company direct its conventions to their other subcontractor in south Korea and China and so the production takes topographic point in south Korea and China. This helps company to bugger off forth more net income for there their concern activities.this is as per the info provided in WTO Website. Companies make considerable net income by seaward unit for illustration a company named Xchnaging , its operating net income increased from 47.3 meg lbs in 2008 to 63.9 million lb in 2009 ( The Times News, 2010 ) . And this research was through with(p) one of the IT selling research company XMG GLOBAL . And it states that company is one of most successful outsourcing company in India which is established.offshore is means outsourcing or orifice foreign operation beyond their location or boundaries in other words tri ping international. Foreign operation in stable state concentrates on much broad assortment of different merchandises, services and advanced turn states.The factors shape uping the concern are immense and if an organisation privation to travel international or want start its foreign in an stable state the certain points has to be kept in head like economic place of that state like Stage of concern rhythm, incumbent and projected economic growing, rising prices and involvement rates, Unemployment and labour supply of that stable state, apostrophize of labour and skilled labour has good, Levels of disposable income and income distribution, Impact of globalisation, presumable impact of technological or other alteration on the economic system and alterations takes topographic point in economic environment of the stable state. Socio-ethnical factors to be kept in head are Population growing rate of the state and age profile, Population wellness, instruction and societal mobility, a nd attitudes to these on the state, Population employment forms, occupation market freedom and attitudes to work of the employee. And political position which has to maintain in head are the type political science and its constancy, freedom of imperativeness, different regulations of the constabulary and degrees of bureaucratism if its has democracy and degree or corruptness every bit good, Regulation and de-regulation tendencies, societal and employment statute(predicate) law of the state, most of import revenue enhancement policy and trade and duty controls, Environmental and consumer-protection statute law and likely alterations in the political environment.If the some same as to be implemented on a stable state can be done. India is one of the stable state in south west Asia and develop states like USA, UK, etc are attracted towards the ontogenesis and stable state like India and one of the illustration for this can be seen late when David Cameron visited India and he opened a freshly first country-style MNC BPO in India.and there are many factors company has to maintain in head before they enter India and some of the factors and been here and I have tried to pest analyses on it and explicate itPolitical Factors India is the biggest democracy in the World. The governance type is federal democracy. Based on English viridity jurisprudence judicial reappraisal of legislative Acts of the Apostless accepts compulsory ICJ legal effect with reserves separate personal jurisprudence codifications apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. The political web site in the state is more or less stable. For most of its pop history, the federal Government of India has been led by the Indian National sexual congress ( INC ) . State political relations have been dominated by some(prenominal) national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the Communist Party of India ( CPI ) , and assorted regional parties. In the 2004 Indian elections , the INC won the largest figure of Lok Sabha seats and formed a authorities with a adherence called the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) , supported by assorted left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. Overall India presently has a alliance led authorities and both major political parties the UPA and BJP, whichever comes in provide.Economic Factors The economic factors in India are bettering continuously. The GDP ( Buying Power similarity ) is estimated at 2.965 trillion U.S. dollars in the twelvemonth 2007. The GDP- per Capita ( PPP ) was 2700 U.S. dollars as estimated in 2007. The GDP- existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footings of buying power para merely in front Japan and behind U.S. and China. Foreign direct investing rose in the financial twelvemonth ended March 31 2007 to about $ 16 billion from merely $ 5.5 billion a twelvemonth before. There is a continual growing in per capita income India s per capita income is expected to make 1000 dollars by the terminal of 2007-08 from 797 dollars in 2006-07. This will take to higher purchasing power in the Hands of the Indian consumers.A Social India is the 2nd most densely settled state in the universe with an approximative population of over 1.1billion people. This population is divided in the undermentioned age locution 0-14 oldish ages 31.8 % , 15-64 old ages 63.1 % and 65 old ages and above 5.1 % . There has as well as been a uninterrupted concomitant in the ingestion of beer in India. With an step-up in the buying power the Indian consumer which preferred local hard booze which is far cheaper is now able to acquire a gustatory fighter of the comparatively expensive beer market. The societal tendency toward beer ingestion is altering and India has seen an addition of 90 % beer ingestion from the twelvemonth 2002- 2007. This addition is far greater than the addition in the BRIC states of Brazil ( 20 per cent ) , Russia ( 50 per cent ) and China ( about 60 per cent ) . Thus this shows a positive tendency for beer industries in India.Technology The Indian beer diligence is heating up with a hold of foreign participants come ining the Indian market. The technological knowhow and expertness will besides come in the Indian market with an addition in competition. For illustration beer brewing engineering major Ziemann has entered India and has set up fabrication whole kit in India. Ziemann Group, based in Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart in Germany, has founded Ziemann India. It will get down production in 2008. This will assist convey in technological knowhow and increase the production of beer. SABMiller has merely placed an order for the design and building of two prison guard workss in India to Ziemann. The new workss are planned for Sonipat in Haryana and for another location near Bangalore. Both breweries will hold an one-year capacity of 1 milllion hectolitres each in the beginning and might be extended subseque ntly. Thus with European engineering come ining the Indian beer market increased production and take downing woo of production could play a major function in the Indian beer market. The OLI Model are the different theories like Ownership The Indian market provides good ownership chances for Inbev India International private limited. The Government policies on FDI are loosen uping and companies like Carlsberg has besides invested in breweries in India. Besides cost of fabrication and brewing beer in India is much cheaper. The cost of natural stuff and labour in India is inexpensive therefore giving Inbev India a good opportunity of cut downing cost of production. The fact that European companies are puting up workss in India to fabricate brewing engineering means that in the hereafter Inbev could hold ownership of these engineerings at a much cheaper rate as compared to when bought in other markets.Location There are a cumulus of location specific advantages for Inbev India Interna tional Private Limited. The Indian beer Industry is all set to heat up with the Indian market s compound one-year growing rate ( CAGR ) of 6.7 % from 2002 to 2006. The beer market volume is set to lift to 1155 million litres by 2011 an addition of 37.4 % from 2006. North India is basking beer like neer earlier. During the first one-fourth of 2006, about 5 million instances of beer were sold in Punjab and Haryana as against 600,000 instances in Q1 of 2005-06. This was the instance because the authorities has revised its policy in these provinces and there is an betterment in the distribution channels in these countries. India is besides expected to go the 2nd largest beer market in Asia by 2020 merely after China. Thus all these factors along with India holding adjacent states like Nepal and Sri Lanka, where beer could be exported through India gives Inbev India a good Location advantage.A Internalization Inbev India International Private Limited would desire to hold internalisation because over a period of clip it would lose out on a matched border in the part if it merely sticks to exporting and non FDI investing. As other houses would come in and develop their sub coordinate and distribution channel, therefore able to bring forth at with low costs. India besides is a immense potency market as mentioned earlier and Inbev would non desire to lose out on the chance it can supply. Besides since there is a batch of ruddy tapism and contractual jobs while exporting etc. It would be better to be in India instead than export. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.mysensex.com )The political construction of European brotherhood have different grouping s like European Union ( EU ) , NAFTA and ASEAN and this groupings are going extremely prestigious in international trade. In this instance the EU integrating represents non merely economic integrating spot besides political integrating. The chief EU political establishments can be summarized as follows council of curat es is the highest law- doing authorization in the EU with executive authorization and ministerial representation from each member province. European committee is the chief legislative map. Headed by a president with constitute commissioners from the member provinces. European parliament is the chief representative entire structure but with limited law-making map and rank of each province is in proportion to the province s population. Otther European tribunal of justness is smooth of one justice per member province and its map is to guarantee that EU statute law is interpreted and applied in the some mode in each member province. This tribunal is the 1 of the ultimate and of import authorization in EU jurisprudence and there are many other establishments including tribunal of hearers, European ombudsmen and European information protection organic structure.The political hazard and its impact on international concern has been comminuted in modern concern. Political clime across t he Earth makes divergency in concern, the issues of democracy passage economic systems and regionalization? Basically it is to make with forthwith s political hazard to a concern. All organisation wants to flux its foreign operation and bring forth in abroad market has to see the hazard of the host state. There is may states put on the line like political, economic, competitory and operational hazard job which can disrupt company s internal and international events, the job created by political actions of authorities or political development of the part. Political unbalance is a serious job in states where political power is dual-lane there are tensenesss within society and greater political stableness.the state which has political stableness it attracts the foreign investors and it increases foreign investing. And if there Is no political stableness it can take to serious effects for international concern. The political instability can originate due to factors like divisions i n the society. Which are cultural differences and societal unfairness, menaces from terrorist act it can be internal and external every bit good for illustration D company in India and Al Qaeda universe broad, armed groups- such as subdivisions of the military, stiff regional units -like Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams in Sri Lanka, Kashmir separationist in India, military authorities and factionalised political leading and this factors can do a immense impact on concern they can put on the line to stockholder valve which is sort of loss of capital and straight softness to repatriate dividends. This sort of can be raised during wars.and hence taste political environment of the international market is truly of import for any organisation.they may be many states may look politically stable and good but they may be may political cultural issues in that states like corruptness so this has to considered before come ining the foreign land.The authorities policy and factors are influential on international concern and its activity and in peculiarly on the determinations of the international company that the company should run in the state or non. And the policy determinations which makes difference in concern and which company has to maintain in head while come ining are financial and pecuniary policy for eg revenue enhancement like what is the revenue enhancement regulations in the state. what per centum of revenue enhancement the company has to pay, environmental policy like what are the regulations to be approve before company starts its industrial work, regional development policy which has to be followed eg- Pepsi promised Indian authorities that it traveling to develop the rural country in 1983, public care province policy for eg wellness, societal security, pensions, instruction eg all the organisation in India has to make some educational development, agribusiness and nutrient policy, defence policy which critical and no state would compromise in it, in-migration policies, jurisprudence and order issues in society, wellness and safety issues and regulations in that authorities and its one of the major issue, employment policies like minimal rewards and age standards for illustration Pepsi when launched in India in 1983 it promised Indian authorities that it will supply employment to Indian people and through this sort of proposal it made it easier for company to come in the Indian market.This shows us that political environment makes difference in international concern. We have noted that much of international concern straight off is on the states of the passage democracies and emerging universe. These states have tremendous chances for growing, but at the same clip they are confronting figure of political challenges. Political stableness or instability make a immense impact on international concern or foreign operation.

Behavior Modification and Needs

In many companies, managers struggle to improve or motivate employee actions or behaviours to puzzle desired results. Many managers turn to organizational style limiting. Behavior modification is intentiond in organizations to shape individual behavior though the single-valued function of positive and negative consequences. Organizational behavior modification relies on some(prenominal) factors including, the impartiality of put in, option consequences, schedules of reinforcement, and understanding human needs, to successfully operate.The law of effect states that a soul tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by a favorable consequence. For example, if an employee is recognized and encouraged for going above and beyond for a customer, the employee is more possible to repeat this action. For the law of effect to remain effective, a manager needs to recognize what the employee sees as major consequences, and must be able to respond in a manner that the employee will see the connection between their actions and the consequence.An employee doesnt always affirm to learn from personal experience. The theory of social learning suggests that employees atomic number 18 likely to learn by observing the actions of others and understanding the consequences that others are experiencing. Through the law of effect, the employee is able to connect the relation of good actions equal good consequences, and so motivating the employee to act in a positive way. Once a manager has indentified the employees behavior, the manager needs to decide on the alternative consequences he/she wants to apply.Alternative consequences include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. The key to alternative consequences is to pick out the consequence contingent on the employees improve behavior. Through the use of these consequences, employees and managers will be able to accurately assess the result or planned result of an action. Once a manager monitors an employees behavior and learns how often or how well the employee is performing, the manager backside determine the character reference of consequence to be applied.Once a frequency has been established the manager can create a standard, or a baseline, against which employee improvements can be made. A manager will then decide of continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement is called for. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement accompanies each fabricate behavior by an employee. Partial reinforcement occurs when only some of the correct behaviors are reinforced. Scheduling reinforcement allows a manager to stay consonant in expectations and consequences.Though the behavior modification model is popular amongst organizations, many assume criticized its functionality from a human needs perspective. Human needs are a driving force in individual decision making. The behavior modification model focuses on the nature of the items that may motivate a per son. However, a manager cannot observe or monitor a persons needs. Because of this, it is important that a manager understand employee needs when apply the behavior modification approach

HR Management and Motivation Essay

High employee motivation is a function of many internal and external factors and can be inheringally or extrinsically led. Many employers look that the real objective of the supervisor or HR manager is to ensure that employees are intrinsically motivated. This is because such an employee plant hard on his job because he enjoys it and wants to do it, and he whitethorn continue to do so regardless of extrinsic rewards to a authoritative extent (Schop, 2). I my ego faced a situation recently where I had immense drive and enthusiasm to do that locomote and it was majorly sourced by intrinsic motivation.One of my profs was starting a community welfare club and quest students to join in as volunteers. We had to go to different organizations that worked with special flock and spend clock time with them and do confused activities. I joined in as a volunteer as well and started at a school that worked for the rehabilitation of special children. The first day was an eye destroyer f or me. There were kids of all ages at that place, handicapped in some way or the former(a), and yet they were the sweetest and the most adorable children.Not only had I tangle thankful to God for fashioning me such a complete humans being and for bestowing such blessings on me, but I also matt-up deeply for those children. I started visiting them double a week and did various different activities with them for hours. Time always flew by quickly and all the children would wedge and kiss me when I was leaving. After leaving that place, I always matt-up a strange sense of tranquility over me and neat personalised satisfaction. It was a great feeling to be doing something for those who are less allow than us.The love they showed me, the thankfulness in their gestures and the smiles in the eyes was enough to realise me there every other day. I started to love spending time there with those people, and started to visit them much and more regularly, taking various things with me for them. From twice a week to thrice, I started spending ten to fifteen hours a week over there. This was all because I loved going there and enjoyed every minute I spent there. The pleasure, the comfort and the satisfaction aft(prenominal) spending time there intrinsically motivated me.Seeing my allegiance, my professor made me the leader of the volunteers working there, which added to my motivation. He gave me full autonomy and independence to decide and plan activities, shifts and rotations. I had a chance to introduce more fun activities there for the children and plan the work of volunteers, and this also added to my motivation. Encouraging lead and responsibility opportunities serves as one of the true motivators (N. a, 3) and proves to be very boost for the worker.Not only this, my professor also from time to time support me and complimented me on my efforts. These things added to the drive I already had because the understanding made me feel even nicer about my work. I was then asked to expand our volunteer internet and organize a proper recruitment drive from various other schools and colleges. I planned the whole process with my team and we went to different institutions and did interviews. The spotless responsibility for this was on me and I this again served as a great motivation shaft of light.I started worked harder and harder on it and gave in my full energy and dedication to this activity. My professor was highly impressed by my drive and the contributions I was making to his cause. At the annual dinner for students, he gave me a certificate of appreciation for being the most effective contributor in front of the full(a) student and faculty body. I felt a great split second of pride at that point and it further instilled in me the drive to work for this cause.I still volunteer for the children and our network of volunteers, which started from fifteen students, has now expand to over a sixty students. My motivation was highly intrin sic and self instilled because of the satisfaction I got from doing something for those people. But it was also complemented and enhanced by my professor who from time to time encouraged me, and added to my drive by giving me an chance to exercise freedom and autonomy. The reward in the end was an extrinsic tool that also encouraged me to further pursue it with more energy and enthusiasm.

La Noche Boca Arriba Translation

L A NOCHE BOCA ARRIBA Halfway implement the long hotel vestibule, he thought that probably hewas everyplacetaking to be late, and travel on into the street to get come in hismotorcycle from the corner where the next-door superintendent permit himkeep it. On the jewelry store at the corner he demonstrate that it was ten to ninehe had quantify to spare. The sun filtered through the pompous downtown buildings,and hebecause for himself, for just discharge along thinking, he did non pick upa name-he swung onto the machine, savoring the idea of the ride. Themotor whirred between his legs, and a cool wind whipped his pantslegs.He let the ministries zip past (the pink, the white), and a series of stores on the main street, their windows bourgeon ing. straight off he was beginning the most pleasant part of the run, the trustworthy ride a long street bordered withtrees, very forgetful traffic, with spacious villas whose gardens rambled solely theway down to the sidewalks, whic h were to a greater extent everywhere indi cated by low hedges. Abit abstracted perhaps, only tooling along on the right side of the street, he everyowed himself to be carried forth by the freshness, by the weightlesscontraction of this hardly begun day. This involuntary relaxa tion, possibly,kept him from preven tinkle the possibility.When he see that the womanstanding on the corner had rushed into the crosswalk eyepatch he still had thegreen light, it was already middling too late for a simple solu tion. Hebraked hard with stern and afford, wrenching him self to the left he hear thewoman scream, and at the conflict his vision went. It was standardized f in alling asleep all at one period. He came to abruptly. Four or five young men were get ting him out from low the cycle. He matte up the taste of salt and blood, unmatchableknee hurt, and when they hoisted him up he yelped, he couldnt bear the presssure on his right encircle.Voices which did non look to belo ng to the appears hanging above him encouraged him cheerfully with jokes and assurances. His single soothe was to hear soulfulness else confirm that thelights indeed had been in his favor. He consumeed virtually the woman, trying tokeep down the nausea which was edging up into his throat. While they carried him face up to a nearby pharmacy, he learned that the cause of theaccident had gotten yet a fewer scrapes on the legs. Nah, you barely got her at all, tho when ya hit, the pertain made the machine jump and flop on its side . . . Opinions, recollections of another(prenominal) smashups, take it easy, work him in shoulders first, there, thats fine, and someone in a corpse coat giving him a swallow of something soothing in the shadowy interior of the small local pharmacy. Within five minutes the police ambulance arrived, and they lifted himonto a cushioned stretcher. It was a relief for him to be up to(p) to lie out flat. Completely lucid, but true izing that he was de triment the effects of aterrible shock, he gave his information to the onward-keyicer riding in the ambulance with him. The arm more or less didnt hurt blood dripped down from a get over the eyebrow all over his face.He licked his lips once or twice todrink it. He matte pretty good, it had been an accident, tough luck stay quiet a few weeks, nothing worse. The safeguard said that the motorcycle didnt seem badly racked up. wherefore should it, he replied. It all landed on top of me. They both laughed, and when they got to the hospital, the guard shook his hand and wished him luck. Now the nausea was coming back teensy by little meanwhile they were pushing him on a wheel stretcher to screen a pavilion further back, rolling along under trees full of birds, heshut his eyeball and wished he were asleep or chloroformed. scarcely they kept him for a good while in a room with that hospital smack, modify out a form,getting his clothes off, and dressing him in a stiff, achromatic smock. They moved his arm carefully, it didnt hurt him. The nurses were constantly making wise cracks, and if it hadnt been for the put forward contractions hewould have felt fine, almost happy. They got him over to X-ray, and twenty minutes later, with the still-damp banish lying on his chest like a black tombstone, they pushed himinto surgery. mortal tall and thin in white came over and began to look at the X rays.A womans hands were arranging his head, he felt that they were moving him from one stretcher to another. The man in white cameover to him again, smiling, some thing gleamed in his right hand. He patted his cheek and made a sign to someone stationed behind. It was unusual as a dream because it was full of smells, and hen forever dreamt smells. First a marshy smell, there to the left of the trail theswamps began already, the quaking bogs from which no one ever returned. But the reek lifted, and instead there came a blue, freshcomposite fragrance, like the nighttime under which he moved, in flight fromthe Aztecs.And it was all so natural, he had to run from the Aztecs who had set out on their manhunt, and his sole chance was to baring a place tohide in the qabalisticest part of the forest, taking care not to lose the narrow trail which only they, the Motecas, knew. What tormented him the most was the odor, as though,notwithstanding the absolute acceptance of the dream, there wassomething which resisted that which was not habitual, which until that point had not participated in the game. It smells of war, he thought, his hand going instinctively to the stone knife which was insert at an angle into hisgirdle of woven wool.An unexpected sound made him lower oneself suddenly stock-still and shaking. To be afraid was nothing strange, there was plenteousness of fear in his dreams. He waited, covered by the branches of a crotch hair and the starless night. Far off, probably on the other side of the voluminous lake, theyd be lighting the bivouac fires that part of the sky had a chromatic glare. Thesound was not repeated. It had been like a unconnected limb. Maybe an animal that, like himself, was escaping from the smell of war. He stood erect late, sniffing the air.Not a sound could be heard, but the fear was still following, as was the smell, that cloying incense of the war of the blossom. He had to press forward, to stay out of the bogs and get to the heart of theforest. Groping uncertainly through the dark, stoop ing every other moment to touch the packed earth of the trail, he took a few measuring sticks. He would haveliked to have broken into a run, but the gurgling fens lapped on either sideof him. On the path and in darkness, he took his bear ings. Then he caught a horrible gonorrhoea of that foul smell he was most afraid of, and leaped forward desperately. Youre going to fall off the chouse, said the patient next to him. Stopbouncing around, old buddy. He opened his eyes and it was afternoon,the sun al rea dy low in the oversized windows of the long ward. Whiletrying to smile at his neighbor, he detached himself almost physically fromthe final scene of the nightmare. His arm, in a plaster cast, hung hang from an appa ratus with weights and pulleys. He felt thirsty, asthough hed been running for miles, but they didnt want to give him muchwater, barely enough to moisten his lips and make a verbaliseful.The fever was winning slowly and he would have been able to sleep again, but hewas enjoying the pleasure of holding awake, eyes half- disagreeable, listening tothe other patients conversation, receptioning a question from time to time. He saw a little white pushcart rally up beside the bed, a blond nurserubbed the front of his thigh with alcohol and stuck him with a fat needleconnected to a tube which ran up to a bottle change with a milky, opales cent liquid. A young intern arrived with some metallic element and leather apparatus whichhe adjusted to fit onto the good arm to chas ten something or other.Night fell,and the fever went along dragging him down woolyly to a state in whichthings seemed embossed as through opera glasses, they were real and soft and, at the said(prenominal) time, vaguely distaste ful like session in a boring movie and thinking that, well, still, itd be worse out in the street, and staying. A cup of a wonderful halcyon broth came, smelling of leeks, celery and parsley. A small hunk of bread, more precious than a whole banquet,found itself crumbling lit tle by little. His arm hardly hurt him at all, and only in the eyebrow where theyd taken stitches a quick, hot suffer siz zled occasionally.When the big windows across the way turned to smudges of dark blue, he thought it would not be difficult for him to sleep. Still on hisback so a little un comfortable, running his tongue out over his hot, too-dry lips, he tasted the broth still, and with a sigh of bliss, he let himself bollocks up off. First there was a confusion, as of one d rawing all his sensations, for that moment blunted or muddled, into himself. He realized that he wasrunning in pitch dark ness, although, above, the sky criss-crossed withtreetops was less black than the rest. The trail, he thought, Ive gotten off the trail. His feet sank into a bed of leaves and mud, and then he couldnt take a step that the branches of shrubs did not whiplash against his ribsand legs. Out of breath, knowing despite the darkness and tranquillise that hewas surrounded, he crouched down to listen. Maybe the trail was very near, with the first day he would be able to see it again. Nothing now could financial aid him to discern it. The hand that had unconsciously gripped the haft of the dagger climbed like a fen scorpion up to his neck where the protecting amulet hung.Barely moving his lips, he mumbled thesupplication of the corn which brings astir(predicate) the beneficent moons, and the prayer to Her Very High ness, to the allocator of all Motecan possessions. A t the same time he felt his ankles sinking deeper into the mud, and thewaiting in the darkness of the obscure grove of live oak grew unacceptable tohim. The war of the blossom had started at the beginning of the moon and had been going on for three days and three nights now. If he man aged tohide in the depths of the forest, getting off the trail further up past the marsh country, perhaps the warriors wouldnt follow his track.He thought of the many prison ers theyd already taken. But the number didnt count,only the consecrated period. The hunt would continue until the priests gave the sign to return. Everything had its number and its limit, and it was deep down the sacred period, and he on the other side from the hunters. He heard the cries and leaped up, knife in hand. As if the sky wereaflame on the horizon, he saw torches mov ing among the branches, very near him. The smell of war was unbearable, and when the first enemy jumped him, leaped at his throat, he felt an almost-plea sure in sinking thestone blade flat to the haft into his chest.The lights were already around him, the happy cries. He managed to cut the air once or twice, then a ropesnared him from behind. Its the fever, the man in the next bed said. The same thing happened to me when they operated on my duode num. Take some water,youll see, youll sleep all right. Laid next to the night from which he came back, the tepid shadow of the ward seemed delicious to him. A vio let lamp kept watch high on the far wall like a guardian eye. You could hear coughing, deep breathing, once ina while a conversation in whispers.Everything was pleas ant and secure,without the chase, no . . . But he didnt want to go on thinking about thenightmare. There were lots of things to amuse himself with. He began tolook at the cast on his arm, and the pulleys that held it so com fortably inthe air. Theyd left a bottle of mineral water on the night table beside him. He put the neck of the bottle to his mouth and drank it l ike a preciousliqueur. He could now make out the opposite courses in the ward, the thirty beds, the closets with glass doors. He guessed that his fever was down,his face felt cool.The cut over the eye brow barely hurt at all, like arecollection. He saw himself leaving the hotel again, wheeling out thecycle. Whod have thought that it would end like this? He tried to fix themoment of the accident exactly, and it got him very angry to notice that there was a void there, an nihility he could not manage to fill. Betweenthe impact and the mo ment that they picked him up off the pavement, the pass ing out or what went on, there was nothing he could see. And at thesame time he had the feeling that this void, this nothingness, had lasted aneternity.No, not even time, more as if, in this void, he had passed acrosssome thing, or had run back immense distances. The shock, the savage dashing against the pavement. Anyway, he had felt an immense relief incoming out of the black pit while the pe ople were lifting him off the ground. With pain in the broken arm, blood from the split eyebrow, contusion on theknee with all that, a relief in returning to daylight, to the day, and to feel sustained and attended. That was weird. Someday hed ask the doctor at the office about that.Now sleep began to take over again, to pull himslowly down. The pillow was so soft, and the coolness of the mineral water in his fevered throat. The violet light of the lamp up there was beginning toget subdued and dim mer. As he was sleeping on his back, the position in which he came to did not surprise him, but on the other hand the damp smell, the smell of oozing jolt, blocked his throat and forced him to understand. dedicate the eyes and look in all directions, hopeless. He was surrounded by an absolutedarkness. Tried to get up and felt ropes pinning his wrists and ankles.Hewas staked to the ground on a floor of dank, icy stone slabs. The cold bit into his sensitive back, his legs. Dully, he trie d to touch the amulet with hischin and found they had stripped him of it. Now he was lost, no prayer could save him from the final . . . From afar off, as though filtering throughthe rock of the dungeon, he heard the great kettledrums of the feast. They had carried him to the temple, he was in the underground cells of Teo calli itself, awaiting his turn. He heard a holler out, a hoarse yell that rocked off the walls. Another yell,ending in a moan.It was he who was screaming in the darkness, he wasscreaming because he was alive, his whole body with that cry fended off what was coming, the fateful end. He thought of his friends filling up theother dungeons, and of those already walk ing up the stairs of the sacrifice. He uttered another choked cry, he could barely open his mouth, his jawswere twisted back as if with a rope and a stick, and once in a while they would open slowly with an undated exertion, as if they were made of rubber. The creaking of the wooden latches jolted him like a whip. Rent,writhing, he fought to rid himself of the cords sinking into his flesh.His right arm, the strongest, strained until the pain became unbear able and he had to give up. He watched the double door open, and the smell of the torchesreached him before the light did. Barely girdled by the ceremonial loincloths, the priests acolytes moved in his direction, looking at at him withcontempt. Lights reflected off the sweaty torsos and off the black hair dressed to the nines(p) with feathers. The cords went slack, and in their place thegrappling of hot hands, hard as tan he felt himself lifted, still face up,and jerked along by the quartet acolytes who carried him down the passageway.The torchbearers went ahead, indistinctly light ing up the corridor with its dripping walls and a capital so low that the acolytes had to duck their heads. Now they were taking him out, taking him out, it was the end. aspect up, under a mile of living rock which, for a ecological succession o f moments,was lit up by a glimmer of torchlight. When the stars came out up thereinstead of the roof and the great terraced steps rose before him, on firewith cries and dances, it would be the end.The passage was never going to end, but now it was beginning to end, he would see sud denly the opensky full of stars, but not yet, they trundled him along endlessly in thereddish shadow, hauling him roughly along and he did not want that, but how to stop it if they had torn off the amulet, his real heart, the life center. In a single jump he came out into the hospital night, to the high,gentle, bare ceiling, to the soft shadow wrapping him round. He thought hemust have cried out, but his neighbors were peacefully snoring.The water in the bottle on the night table was somewhat bubbly, a translucent shapeagainst the dark azure shadow of the windows. He panted, looking for some relief for his lungs, oblivion for those images still glued to his eyelids. Each time he shut his eyes he saw them take shape instantly, and he sat up, completely wrung out, but savoring at the same time the surety that now he was awake, that the night nurse would answer if he rang, that soonit would be daybreak, with the good, deep sleep he usually had at that hour, no im ages, no nothing . . . It was difficult to keep his eyes open, thedrowsiness was more powerful than he.He made one last effort, hesketched a gesture toward the bottle of water with his good hand and did not manage to reach it, his fingers closed again on a black emptiness, and the passageway went on endlessly, rock after rock, with momentary ruddy flares, and face up he choked out a dull moan because the roof was about to end, it rose, was inauguration like a mouth of shadow, and the acolytesstraightened up, and from on high a wane moon fell on a face whoseeyes wanted not to see it, were closing and opening desperately, trying to pass to the other side, to find again the bare, protecting ceiling of the ward.And every time th ey opened, it was night and the moon, while they climbed the great terraced steps, his head hanging down backward now, and up at he top were the bonfires, red columns of perfumed smoke, and suddenly he saw the red stone, shiny with the blood dripping off it, and the spinning arcs cut by the feet of the victim whom they pulled off to throw him rolling down the northmost steps.With a last hope he shut his lids tightly, moaning towake up. For a import he thought he had gotten there, because oncemore he was immobile in the bed, extract that his head was hanging downoff it, swinging. But he smelled death, and when he opened his eyes hesaw the blood-soaked fig ure of the executioner-priest coming toward himwith the stone knife in his hand.He managed to close his eyelids again,although he knew now he was not going to wake up, that he was awake,that the marvelous dream had been the other, absurd as all dreams are-adream in which he was going through the strange avenues of anastonishing c ity, with green and red lights that burned without fire or smoke, on an enormous metal insect that whirred away between his legs. In the infinite he of the dream, they had as well picked him up off the ground,some one had approached him also with a knife in his hand, approached him who was lying face up, face up with his eyes closed between thebonfires on the steps.

Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay

This article was written by six academicians related to a work for The Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of pissing with Systems ( NSF STC WaterCAMPWS, University of Illinois, USA ) . They argon working for assorted sections which argon accommodate for this research at diametrical universities. The WaterCAMPWS plants for new engineers for weewee intervention. ( 1 )This article focuses on modern engineering for disinfection, decontamination, re-use and desalinization regularity actings to better piddle quality. It describes the bitance of weewee and body of water theorises, besides it results data nigh the weewee intervention systems utilizing today and will be used in the hereafter. It besides makes comparings to place the advantages and the disadvantages of H2O intervention systems. It is suited for anyone who wants to be informed about H2O subtlety techniques. A unmarried who has the proficient substructure about H2O and H2O intervention usher out understand more easy this article. While reading some generation troubles may be encountered to understand this article just now in general lingual communication of the article was clear.At the basic portion of the article writers boot the importance of the H2O, pollutants H2O job and new H2O intervention engineerings. Water job is explained clearly by utilizing singular Numberss only if they do non give the day of the month and authors about Numberss. In add-on to the state of affairs at the article, demonstrable and developing states atomic number 18 provided the illustrations of the H2O state of affairss to do the H2O job more apprehensible.Water is postulateed for populating beings to last and on that point is life on the Earth thanks to H2O. ( 2 ) Harmonizing to the World health Organisation ( WHO ) H2O may incorporate bacteriums, suspended atoms, parasites, viruses, organic chemicals, serious metals and dissolvers above the allowed sum for illustration, Escher ichia coli and arsenic degree bound is should be little than 10 & A Icirc ?g/l ( WHO report, 2008 ) ( 2-3 ) The riddance of unwanted stuffs, chemicals, contaminations, drosss, microorganism is called H2O purification which is a cleansing appendage. ( 4 ) Clean H2O demand is lifting twenty- quatern hours by twenty-four hours because of increasing in population, H2O deficit and users competition. ( 5 ) If population accessed clean drinkable H2O easy, it would be a wholly positive victoriouss on wellness. Unfortunately, WHO report in 2007 shows that 1.1 billion people offer non make the clean H2O and 1.8 zillion people die desiccation from diarrheal because of safe H2O job each twelvemonth. Hearth jobs, encephalon stokes, HIV/AIDS, acute respiratory diseases, chronic lung diseases ar some wellness jobs which argon caused by diarrheal. ( 3 ) The recent H2O intervention activities argon non safe, sustainable and sufficient plenty but they can be develop such(prenominal) as v igour businesslike systems, renewable purification. ( 2 ) New coevals H2O intervention systems, which are based on such as disinfection, flocculation, deposit and decontamination engineerings, should be developed to take bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens more efficaciously. ( 9 )At the beginning of 4000 B.C. people tried to do take up H2O better in gustatory sensation and odor. around intervention modes were developed such as sand filtration, disinfection by sunshine and boiling after 1500 B.C. ( 9 ) At 1600 & A acirc s desalinization experiments began and around 1800 & A acirc s the first H2O purification works was built in Scotland. During the twentieth century, people focused on imbibing H2O quality particularly fetching the pathogens. In 1914 The U.S. Public Health Service prepared criterions about imbibing H2O and which were revised by the Public Health Service in 1925, 1946 and 1962. ( 9-3 )Disinfection is the function of the deactivating or destroying of infe ctive micro-organisms present in H2O. ( 10 ) In the paper, extended teaching about disinfection regularitys and the comparing between disinfectants were written. Writers give teaching about how the disinfection processes can command the viruses but I think this is unneeded item about the topic. Using sunshine ( solar ) was the first action of disinfection. ( 10 ) The nigh common disinfection methods are free Cl and Cl related chemicals because of be and easy handiness, they eliminate the life stuffs by oxidation of cell wall compounds. Free Cl ( Cl2 ) is so effectual method but Cl is a truly unsafe chemical and it produces cyanogenic disinfection byproduct DBPs for illustration trihalomethanes. ( 11 ) The method of utilizing solid Ca hypochlorite ( Ca ( ClO ) 2.4H2O 65 % Cl ) as a germicide has a mess hall of restrictions such as corrosion and gustatory sensation jobs. Another germicide is sodium hypochlorite ( NaClO ) solution ( 5-15 % Cl ) which can non be stored easy. ( 11 ) Viruss, barm, spores, bacteriums, and casts can be toss offed by ozone disinfection method. Ozonation method is more effectual than Cl method and it does non bring forth any danger byproducts. ( 10 ) There are some disadvantages of this method for illustration, it is non easy engineering, low doses are non plenty to kill pathogens and it is dearly-won. ( 11 ) Ultraviolet visible radiation ( UV ) can be used for demobilizing pathogens by photochemical reactions in the RNA and DNA which is the aftermath of light soaking up. ( 10 ) It is efficaciously and for this method the contact coif is short, there are non venomous or non-toxic byproducts but it can non employ H2O which includes suspended stuff. The new method is use Cl with UV and ozone which is really effectual method to extinguish bacteriums, protozoa cysts and some censorious pathogens. The solar photocatalysis disinfection which means violent death of pathogens by utilizing the photocatalysis of TiO2 is the futur e method for H2O disinfection. ( 12 ) The usage of nanoscale scientific discipline in the H2O intervention systems, which includes nanocatalysts, nanostructure tissue layers, bioactive nanoparticles, nanoparticles filtration, nanosorbants, is the futuristic disinfection method. Nanoparticles which eat broad surface countries will be the ruff stuffs for H2O purification systems in the close term. Today, the major challenges of nanomaterials are the integrating of H2O purification number, cost effectual and design jobs. ( 5 )In the article another method is described called, the H2O decontamination which is the procedure of extinguishing the harmful substances ( chemicals, beings, heavy metals, radioactive stuffs ) from the H2O. In this subdivision of article, writers resolve to explicate some jobs about mensurating and sensing of compounds densitys, modeling, and redress schemes. Rearward osmosis, synthetical rosins, unrestrained C, sand filtration are the some methods to take contaminations from the H2O. ( 13 ) The best intervention method which supplies the most purified H2O is non clear. The happening of contaminant pillowcase and concentration are every bit of import as the decontamination engineering. The move on research lab engineering is necessary for mensurating of low concentration of toxic compound for illustration Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophometery and UV-Spectrophometry can be used to analyze arsenic. ( 13 ) Chromatography and mass spectrometry which have the drawbacks such as cost, sensitiveness and efficient are the old but the most common engineerings. Catalytic Deoxyribonucleic acid is the recent system for proving heavy metals in the H2O and the traditional methods for this are X-Ray Fluorescence, some chemical trials and Inductively match Plasma. ( 13 ) The biosensoring engineering is defined as the usage nanoscale or microscale biologic detectors to observe contaminations with high sensitiveness. The technolog ical development about biosensors is necessary to find the toxicity of H2O intervention procedure. ( 14 )Highly treated H2O can be called rescued H2O which is the low cost pickax of drinkable H2O. If we consider the sum of consumed H2O per twenty-four hours, remained H2O on the Earth and the growing of population, the reuse of rescued H2O is perfectly necessary. Some of the utilizations of rescued H2O are irrigation, industrial activities and groundwater recharge. ( 15 ) Since historical times wastewater has been used but it became attractive two or triple decennaries ago. ( 16 ) There are several methods for rescued H2O, such as chlorination, filtration and biologic systems which have been used since early 1800s. ( 15 ) Authors give info about some recent methods such as tissue layer bioreactors and filtration. For the biological intervention ultrafiltration and microfiltration engineerings have been understood to supply high quality purified H2O. ( 17 ) Today activated sludge procedure, which is another biological intervention method, are designed for high public founding. ( 18 ) The membrane bioreactor ( MBR ) method is comparatively new intervention engineering which is based on liquid-solid separation and its applications are going acceptable twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for little receive table with high quality of H2O. ( 17-18 ) membrane bioreactor procedure has some advantages compared to the activated sludge procedure such as more compact reactor, little footmark for high concentration, higher assorted spirits suspended solids concentration ( for MBR procedure mean concentration 8-12 g/l ) . The most of import drawback of MBR method is some footings such as flow issues should be developed. ( 18 ) The cleansing of membrane and dynamic effects such as aeration loss, saline invasion and backflush loss are the two parametric quantities which affects the public presentation of MBR engineering. The betterments about stuff features, lasti ng fouling, cost and membrane cleansing procedure should be done for this procedure. The mean one-year growing rate 10.9 % is estimated for the mobile MBR market. ( 19 ) Reverse osmosis ( RO ) is a liquid membrane method which removes fade out stuffs. The combination of MBR and RO is extremely efficient which provides 67 % H2O recycling at the lowest cost. ( 20 )Desalination is a method that separates the salt from H2O. The oldest procedure to take salt from H2O is boiling. Thermal distillate method and inborn the hydrologic rhythm work same manner and in the early 1900s, membrane system was developed. There are three types of thermic methods viz. multi-stage hit distillment, multi-effect distillment and vapour compaction distillment. ( 21 ) The advantages of desalinization by distillment are low operating and care cost, minimum environmental consequence and the extremely purified H2O production, the disadvantages are high degree cognition and big capacity workss. ( 22 ) Electr odialysis, Electrodialysis reversal and change by reversal osmosis are the three chief membrane procedures for desalinization. ( 21 ) Simple systematic construction, taking organic and inorganic contaminations and high production/capacity ratio are the advantages on the other manus the necessity of pre-treatment measure, the trouble of cleaning membrane and decreasing in flow rate are the drawbacks of membrane procedures. ( 22 ) Entire figure of desalinization works is about 1400 ( 80 % Membrane desalinization, 20 % Thermal desalinization ) . Rearward osmosis desalinization procedure includes four parts pre-treatment, hard-hitting pumps, membrane systems and post-treatment. ( 21 ) Hybrid desalinization method can be defined as the comparing of thermic and membrane desalinization procedure which generates power. The advantages of this procedure are utilizing less energy, low cost of building and high works efficiency. Nowadays the RO and simple intercrossed multistage pretentiousne ss constellation are really popular. The advantages of incorporate systems are good thermic efficiency and high quality purified H2O. ( 23 ) The Low-cost Desalination collaboration procedure is freshly design of rearward osmosis procedure which demonstrates the H2O with a good design. ( 21 ) Carbon nanotubes have the specific electrical, chemical and mechanistic characteristics. In the hereafter, nanotubes will let us to desalt cheaply but there are some challenges, we have to confront about this method like capital cost and hard mechanism. Carbon nanotubes, Biomimetic membranes and forward osmosis are following coevals systems for desalinization. ( 8-21 ) In this subdivision of the article the figure about contrary osmosis and activate desalinization ( figure 5 ) makes apprehensible the procedures. The information in the book related to entropy and energy computation is the upper-level information about the topic.This article contains extended cognition about the H2O intervention systems. Writers clearly conclude solutions of H2O intervention systems. I have some cognition about H2O purification before fastening this study but while composing I learned tonss of information about new H2O intervention techniques from article and mentions. This research was make in 2008, it is a technological topic because of this when research is carried out is really of import. Some current H2O intervention techniques need intensive energy and chemicals. We should better the non lone H2O intervention systems but besides monitoring, mensurating, patterning and manner systems to present safe and clean H2O to everybody. As a consequence, we need new, sustainable, environmental and cheap purification methods.Science and engineering for H2O purification in the coming decennaries by M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Giorgiadis, B.J. Marinas, A.M. Hayes, Nature 452 ( 2008 ) 301-310 & A Atilde

The Precepts of Ptah Hotep

Precepts of Ptah Hotep Even though The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the oldest documents in the world, the educational activitys are still relevant to social customs today. To be more specific, the 19th dogma is one that I agree with and look at is estim fit to e realbody. It states Be non of an irritable temper as regards that which happens at your situation grumble not over your own affairs. I consider this precept is beneficial because it focuses on world positive and not on being negative, and it shows reckon to yourself and to new(prenominal)s.Precept number 19 tells us not to focus on the things that go wrong with our lives and not to complain. Its express to let things go and to not know in the past. This precept ties into the whole effort for social codes. well-disposed codes, like The Precept of Ptah Hotep, are meant to be followed and as Collin said, if for some reason one is broken by a person, that person should be able to qualify it, to make up for t he wrong they have done by not grumbling about it, save instead working to fix it. This precept is very much like the well known saying Hakuna matata utilise in the popularDisney movie, The Lion King. The saying means no worries and is used in the movie to tell a character not to remain in the past and be sad about things that he cannot change, but instead to be happy about the present. If you do dwell in the past and grumble about bad things that have happened to you, people entrust not want to be somewhat you because of your negativity. It is disrespectful to only blether about the bad things that you have experienced when you are around other people. If you can never let things go, you will not be turn to hang out with and will end up alone. ink this precept is very beneficial to everybody because it relates to how you treat others and yourself, which I hypothesize is a very important thing to understand how to do respectfully. It is important to me because it is somethin g I believe I can do better at. For example, if I have a soccer game and we lose, I usually try not to dwell on the fact that we lost, although sometimes I cant help it. There isnt rightfully any point in getting myself or my team waste that we lost because it wont help anyone do better in the next game. It would be a very disrespectful thing to bring not honourable myself, but others own into the dumps.The smart thing to do would be to preen my team for try, and to Just focus on getting better. I believe that the 19th precept from The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the most important. It not only stresses respect for the individual and the majority, but also on being positive. I think that everybody can improve on letting things go and instead of complaining, trying to improve things. People can benefit by following precept 19 by being more fun to be around and making yourself and others happier. The Precepts of Ptah Hotep By ccbb43

Banking Industry in Bangladesh: Its Contribution and Performance

journal of affair Research, vol. 3, 2001 This article is brought to you by www. bdresearch. org edgeing sphere of influence in Bangladesh Its Contri just nowion and execution of instrument Sharif Rayhan Siddique* A F M Mafizul Islam** Abstract The paper attempted to suck up the prospects and opportunities of deposeing orbit in Bangladesh. want otherwise sparing sector in the farming, buzzwording is one of major sectors which afford to the subject area delivery. The study tried to offer the overview of the deeds of shoreing sector and also find out the similarity among the various categories of banks with gaze to the inter makeability.Finally, the paper tried to establish the linear relationship among the various variables and meshing append of the banking sector. 1. Introduction fixing sector of Bangladesh is one of the major sectors, which contributes signifi advisetly to the matter parsimony. The sector comprises a tour of banks in various categories. Co nsidering ownership the sector can be classified in to four major categories much(prenominal) as Nationalized mercantile tills (NCBs), Specialized Banks (SPBs), Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), and Trans-National Banks (TNBs). The list of banks low different categories is furnished in the appendix A.The study has been initiated to analyze the donation of this sector and its simoleonsability. This paper attempts to entrust an overview of the parting of the sector in home(a) economy. The paper also analyzes the gatherability of different categories of banks. Finally a reasoning backward compend has been done to examine the relationship between the clamsability and other variables. 2. office of the Banking sector in National Economy sparing organic evolution of the country is executed by the contribution of various economic sectors. Like agriculture, industries, power, transport, rade service, etc. , banking sector also has a contribution to the economic evolution. I n mid 80s Banking and Insurance contributed 1. 69% of GDP and gradually the visit was increase. The level best contribution was 2. 09% of GDP in the category 1993 and it was 2. 00% in 1996-971 mediocre outgrowth rate of this contribution was 1. 51% of GDP, which shows a confident(p) trend. Again, the sector makes a confirming cushion on the economic development by generating employment. In the year 1980 total number of employees in this sector was 59,235 but with in 15 years of sequence the figure shoot approximately double to 101,444. The mediocre growth rate of employment gene balancen was 3. 76% (1980-1995). Countries interchangeable Bangladesh have a burden of its unemployment, where as banking sector unperturbed hold on certain impact on employment gene balancen. __________________________ * Assistant Professor, Institute of commerce Administration, University of Dhaka. ** Associate Professor, Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka. 1 Calculate d from the entropy undisturbed from Economic Trend, December 1997. 2 Ibid. 2 Banking Sector in Bangladesh Its Contribution and Performance Branches of the banks were also growing significantly.Increasing branches indicate a large-minded service provider to the population of Bangladesh. oerall growth rate of the bank branches was 2. 11% (1980-1995). simply before 1990 the rate was 3. 00% and after 1990 it was 0. 92%. In early 80s for the first succession Government of Bangladesh (GOB) allowed private sector to black market commercial banks. At that time number of bank branches was growing rapidly. In the early 90s this growth rate was reduced, which may be because of the saturation stage. Individuals and short letter organizations used to deposit their savings in the bank and borrow notes form it.More the bank branches more people can be cover to avail them in banking services. Average population per branch was 19,875 during the period from 1984 to 1995. Because of the high population growth rate (2. 22%),3 in spite of increasing branches, the population per branch was also increasing. Commercial banks are one of the moolah making organizations, they are also making silver by enthronement funds their deposits to the profitable venture through lending to the entrepreneurs. Commercial banks earn money from interest for loan and commissions and service charges for the services and it incurred white plague as well.Average profit per taka of spending was 0. 10. Before 1991 this figure was quite good, but after 1991 the ratio was negative up to 1993. Maximum figure was in the year 1982 that was 0. 23 and minimum was -0. 04 in the year 1991. Recently the ratio became 0. 07 in the year 1995. During 1991 to 1993 fire profit was negative. i. e. commercial banks spent more than earning but again they improved the situation by reducing their expenditure compared to income. Banks income generated by the optimistic efforts of their employees.Efficient empl oyees can earn more which observed a positive impact to profit generation. Income per employee can be one of the indicators of commercial banks performance. Average income per employee from 1980 to 1995 was Tk. 227,046, i. e. per employees contribution to income was more than Tk. 2 lacs. The ratio was increasing significantly with the total growth rate of 12%, to Tk. 371,297 in the year 1995. A country leads itself to the economic development by investing and producing more in the local area. enthronisation can be ensured through increased savings rate.Mo give the axeization ratio indicates a positive impact to the economic growth. This ratio is Broad Money to GDP. Average mo engagementization ratio was 28% of GDP, and it was growing significantly from 17% in the year 1981 to 35% in the year 1995. 4 Commercial banks, as a whole, performing well and contributing to the economic development of the country. The average positiveness of all banks collectively was 0. 09% during 1980 to 1995, which means profit Tk. 0. 09 earned by utilizing pluss of Tk. 100. In every aspect of profit, banking sector contributes to national economy as well as to the individual organization.Despite overall growth of the banking sector was positive, but the performances of different categories of banks were not equally attractive. Following region would compare analytically the performances of various categories of banks. _____________________________________________ 3 4 Calculated from the entropy collected from statistical divisionbook, 1996. Ibid. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 3 3. receiptsability of the Different Categories of Banks A Comparative Analysis Main focus of this comparison on last profit earned by the banks. expediency ratio, profit per taka of expenditure, profit per employee, profit per branch, profit per advance account, profit per taka of investment, profit per taka of deposit (savings), and per capita profit earned by the banks will be the vari ables for this analysis. Various groups of banks have different performances in hurt of profit. Average measures were metric for different categories of banks over the period from 1980 to 1995. 3. 1 win Ratio In solecism of profitability, i. e. union of profit per Tk. 100 of asset. The ratio indicates the effective utilization of assets.Performance of the organization can be evince by this ratio. Average profitability ratios for the various categories of banks during 1980 to 1995 were exhibited in the table below accede 1 improvement Ratio for Various Banks Banks Profit Ratio (%) NCBs 0. 08 SPBs -0. 32 PCBs 0. 13 TNBs 0. 71 Over all 0. 09 writer Adopted from info in Appendix B. The table indicated the performances in terms of utilization of assets in generating profit TNBs were the best. Specialized Banks had a very worst situation in utilizing of their assets, by showing negative average lowest profit.Though as of 1990 net profits were increasing positively, but from 1 991 to 1995 these net profit were gradually rock-bottom to negative because of their declining income. On the other yield TNBs performance was excellent as compared to overall banks performance. Average growth rate of net profit for TNBs was 39%, which was extremely good. 3. 2 Profit per Taka of Expenditure Banks earned profit by incurring expenditure for their subprograms. Effective usage of financial resources led to a commendable profit situation. How much profit earned by using up one taka is the measure of efficiency of an organization.Following table shows net profit per taka of expenditure for the different banks tabulate 2 Profit per Taka of Expenditure for Various Banks Banks Profit per taka of expenditure (Tk. ) NCBs 0. 029 SPBs -0. 092 PCBs 0. 033 TNBs 0. 307 Overall 0. 10 Source Adopted from data in Appendix B. 4 Banking Sector in Bangladesh Its Contribution and Performance Over all average profit was Tk. 0. 1 by incurring expenditure of Tk. 1. i. e. average retur n on expenditure was 10%. But in case of individual performance SPBs had negative average return on expenditure (-9. %), on the other hand TNBs performance (30. 7%) was preceding(prenominal) the industry average. Other than these two NCBs and PCBs close to(prenominal) had vulnerable situation. 3. 3 Profit per Employee Effective utilization of human resources produces higher return. Earned more profit by few numbers of employee indicates commendable performance of the banks and human efficiency. Since the temper of the industry is service oriented, so human efficiency depends on smart abilities of the employees. Following table shows the comparison among various banks Table 3 Profit per Employee for Various BanksBanks Profit per employee (Tk. ) NCBs 4,538 SPBs -34,216 PCBs 9,659 TNBs 285,659 Over all 12,88 Source Adopted from data in Appendix B. Over all profit per employee was Tk. 12,880, i. e. each employees average contribution to the net profit was Tk. 12,880 in a year. TN Bs as compared with overall, the figure was extremely good (Tk. 285,659). There are two indications for this picture, one is TNBs had extremely efficient employees, and other is less number of employees. On the other hand except SPBs (which had negative figure), NCBs average profit per employee was Tk. ,538, which was far below from TNBs, even below from overall performance, which shows un-utilized human resources. 3. 4 Profit per Branch in all categories of banks have numbers of branches covering wide range of the population of the country. To provide service to the wide range of people, banks have to establish multiple branches. Contribution to the total profit of different branches was varied, depending on the nitty-gritty of deposits and advances. Table below expresses average profit contribution by the branches. Table 4 Profit per Branch for Various Banks Banks Profit per branch (Tk. ) NCBs 6,205 SPBs -491,827 PCBs 181,548 TNBs 13,171,737 Over all 210,481 Source Adopted from data in Appendix B. 5 Banking Sector in Bangladesh Its Contribution and Performance Considering all commercial banks in Bangladesh, these were earned on an average Tk. 0. 064 from investing one taka. The average Return on enthronisation (ROI) was not inadequate (6. 4%) as compared to any business. In case of TNBs this rate was very attractive (12. 7%), but except SPBs, two NCBs and PCBs had 1. 2% and 2. 5% respectively. 3. 7 Per Capita Profit Commercial banks are run countrywide by offering services.Accumulating funds and distributing them to entrepreneur was the main give-up the ghost of commercial banks. Wider area coverage makes the commercial bank more prospering in terms of operation. Per capita profit earned by the commercial bank would indicate overall economic efficacy of banking system. Average profit gained per moderate can be expressed in the table below Table 7 Per Capita Profit for Various Banks Banks Per Capita Profit (Tk. ) NCBs 2. 53 SPBs -5. 25 PCBs 1. 46 TNBs 2. 51 Over all 10. 66 Source Adopted from data in Appendix B. Average profit per individual in the country for all banks was Tk. 0. 66, i. e. banking sector earns over Tk. 10 per head. But using same coverage for different categories of banks, the picture would be different. In case of NCBs operation they gained on an average Tk. 2. 53 per individual, where as TNBs earned Tk. 2. 51 per head. plainly these two figures were same but considering the coverage in terms of number of branches, NCBs have 170 time more branches than TNBs. 3. 8 Overall stead Considering all variables regarding profit, TNBs were doing extraordinarily good operation in this sector. Because of the policies and managements TNBs performance was better.Keeping TNBs aside, PCBs performance comparatively better. As far as the ownership was concerned both NCBs and SPBs were same. PCBs started their operations in 1982, before the Government of Bangladesh controlled that total financial sector. But after allowi ng private sectors to operate commercial banks, PCBs were gradually capturing the market share. astonishingly SPBs had negative performances in every aspect because of their negative net profit. 4. alliance of Profit With Other Variables In the above section comparison of profitability among various groups of banks has been discussed.But it was desired to know about the sensitivity of profit on various variables. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 6 Multiple regression analysis has been done to analyze the relationship between net profit as dependent variable and asset, expenditure, number of employees, number of branches, number of advance accounts, investment, time deposit are as individual variables. In this paper it was fancied that the relationship among the variables was linear, which is ? = A + B? + C? + D? + E? + F? + G? + H? . i) where, ? is net profit ? is number of employees ? is come in of expenditure ? is number of branches ? is amount of investment ? is am ount of asset ? is amount of time deposit ? is number of advance accounts A is constant The following section expressed the determination of coefficient of the fissiparous variables, which indicate the degree of influences on net profit by corresponding variables. 4. 1 Regression Result base on data provided in appendix C, the values of coefficients and constant were calculated and also found the relationship among them.Multiple linear regression equality is expressed in equation (ii). ? = 68459+0. 002 ? -0. 186 ? +0. 159? -0. 084? +0. 003? +0. 133 ? -1. 0310-6?. (ii) Above linear equation shows that several(prenominal) of the independent variables have positive relationship and others have negative. Amount of expenditure, amount of investment and number of advance accounts all have negative relationship with net profit. On the other hand amount of asset, number of employees, number of branches and amount of time deposit have positive relationship with net profit.Further, the strength of the relationship among the variables measured by the coefficient of determination (r2). The value was calculated as 0. 89, indicating very strong relationship. Therefore, the independent variables collectively may play grave role on earning net profit in the banking sector as a whole. 4. 2 Scope to Improve of Profit In the equation (ii), it was evident that some of the independent variables have positive impact on net profit, though the degree of influences was very low. Net profit may increases by increasing values, which have positive relations.From equation (ii), it was 7 Banking Sector in Bangladesh Its Contribution and Performance clear that number of employee, number of branches, amount of asset and amount of time deposit have positive relations with net profit. From above relationship, it can be explained that if number of employee increased by one, the net profit will increase by Tk. 0. 002 crores, i. e. every 1,000 employees can contribute Tk. 2 crores to net p rofit. This indicated that there might be still opportunities to generate employment in this sector and can contribute to the national economy.Again number of branches has also positive impact on net profit. equating (ii) reflects that increase in one branch may increase net profit by the amount of Tk. 0. 159 crores, which also testifies that there was still range of mountains to increase branches. In Bangladesh there were opportunities to establish branches in the rural areas where split of business potentials were looking for the banking service. Another variable the amount of asset has positive relationship with net profit. Even it has very little influences on profit every Tk. 1,000 crores of assets would increase net profit by the amount of Tk. 3 crores.Therefore, it was apparent that there was still room to increase the amount of asset to earn more profit. Finally, the amount of time deposit was other variable, which has positive influences on net profit. Coefficient of this variable in equation (ii) was 0. 133, this indicated that every Tk. 1,000 crores increase in time deposit would increase profit by the amount of Tk. 133 crores. Analyzing above relationship, time deposit has stronger influences on net profit. Therefore, banking sector as a whole may increase their contribution to national economy if the amount of time deposit was increased.Analyzing the regression equation it was clear that some of the independent variables have positive control over the generation of net profit, and also might increase the contribution of the banking sector to national economy by increasing the values of those variables. 5. Conclusion The performance of the banking sector in terms of net profit varies in various groups of bank. The study revealed that in every aspect, TNBs had a commendable performance. But comparing among other groups of banks (NCBs, SPBs, and PCBs), PCBs had favourite(a) achievement aiming profit. On the other hand Specialized Banks in Banglade sh had a very poor performance.This meager activity affected the overall banking sectors performance. The comparison among various categories of banks has been done on the basis of the profit with respect to some other variables. The study also revealed the relationship among the dependent variable and independent variables. The equation (ii) shows the weights of the independent variables that influences net profit of the banking sector. Finally, the paper intended to trace the scopes and opportunities of the factors by which over all net profit might increase, and contribute to the national economy.Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 8 References 1. Mohammad Moqbul Hossain Bhuiyan. (1995). Managerial Effectiveness of Private Commercial Banks A Comparative use up. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. XVI, No-1, June. 2. Sujit Ranjan Saha. (1996). Ancillary Business and advantageousness of Banks Trends and Prospects. Bank Parikrama. Vol. XXI, Nos 1 & 2, March & June. 3. Tau fic Ahmad Choudhury and others. (1994). Comparative Characteristics of Profit Earning and Loss incur Rural Bank Branches in Bangladesh. Bank Parikrama. Vol. XIX, Nos 3 & 4, September & December. 4.Abdul Ghafar Ismail. (1993). deregulation and Bank Behaviour in Mixed markets. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXV, No 2, August. 5. Dipendra Sinha. (1996). Savings and Economic Growth in India. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXVIII, No 3, December. 6. Amar Chand Kaushik. (1996). Impact Study of Regional Rural Banks Credit on Income generation an d Poverty Alleviation in Rural Haryana. The Asian Economic Review. Vol. XXXVIII, No 1, April. 7. David Lynch. (1996). Measuring Financial Sector Development A Study of Selected Asia-Pacific Countries. The Developing Economics. Vol.XXXIV, No 1, March. 8. Schiller, Bradley R. (1994). The macro instruction Economy Today. Sixth Edition. McGrawHill Inc. , New York, USA. 9. McConnell, Campbell R. and Brue, Stanley L. (1993). Macro Economics. T welfth Edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. , New York, USA. 10. Fischer, Stanley. , Dornbusch, Rudiger. And other. (1988). Introduction to Macroeconomics. 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. 11. Department of Statistics. (1997). periodic Economic Trends. Bangladesh Bank. December. 12. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (1997). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1996. Seventeenth Edition. November. 9Banking Sector in Bangladesh Its Contribution and Performance Appendix A List of Banks a Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) Agrani Bank Janata Bank Sonali Bank Rupali Bank Ltd. b Specialized Banks (SPBs) Bangladesh Krishi Bank Bangladesh Shilpa Bank Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank c Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) Arab Bangladesh Bank Ltd. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. National Bank Ltd. The city Bank Ltd. IFIC Bank Ltd. United Commercial Bank Ltd. Pubali Bank Ltd. Uttara Bank Ltd. Al-Baraka Bank Bangladesh Ltd. BSIC Bangladesh Ltd. Eastern Bank Ltd. National Credit and Commerce Bank Ltd.Prime B ank Ltd. Southeast Bank Ltd. Dhaka Bank Ltd. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. friendly Investment Bank Ltd. Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. d TNBs Hanil Bank Hongkong Bank Society general Bank American Express Bank Ltd. ANZ Grindlays Bank Plc. S tandard charter Bank State Bank of India Habib Bank Ltd. Citi Bank N A Banque Indosuez National Bank of Pakistan Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. J ournal of Business Research, Vol. 3, 2001 10 Appendix B Various Data for PCBs Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 prelude Assets Net Profit Expenditure Employees BranchesAccounts (cror (cror Tk. ) (cror Tk. ) (no. ) (no. ) (no. ) Tk. ) 82 2132 1877 8 173 11562 628 8429 5202 14 245 11813 653 283320 6381 16 281 12756 693 267393 7768 22 366 13552 715 178460 7208 25 438 14810 771 160220 9072 14 594 16107 824 160834 9514 2 682 16916 865 165290 11059 (11) 765 17486 902 169549 12445 (8) 886 18034 942 84913 15502 12 819 17826 943 90599 15783 16 865 18806 grounds 102055 24190 72 90 7 19777 1047 117985 26794 Various Data for TNBs Net Advance Expenditure Employees Branches Year Profit Accounts (cror Tk. ) (no. ) (no. ) (cror Tk. ) (no. ) 1980 3 20 912 21 1882 1981 8 25 984 21 542 1982 11 32 999 21 2910 1983 12 45 1061 20 2888 1984 15 62 1042 20 3098 1985 18 77 1051 20 3610 1986 14 98 1064 22 3929 1987 22 119 1114 22 4144 1988 21 146 1124 22 4887 1989 7 147 1123 22 3971 1990 18 154 1135 22 3890 1991 25 99 789 18 2355 1992 38 65 826 18 2463 1993 54 92 826 18 3969 1994 68 106 888 19 6329 1995 90 146 926 23 9215 Investment (cror Tk. ) 76 293 346 327 396 506 554 787 750 653 879 1266 1439 Assets Investment (cror Tk. ) (cror Tk. ) 757 1280 1526 1476 1848 2281 2887 3245 4330 4697 4694 5575 4297 4377 5832 7111 51 70 109 118 156 163 177 196 ccc 279 358 340 228 203 260 266Related article Padma Bridge